WASHINGTON — General Motors will pay the federal government nearly $146 million in penalties because 5.9 million of its older vehicles do not comply with emissions and fuel economy standards.

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration said in a statement Wednesday that certain GM vehicles from the 2012 through 2018 model years did not comply with federal fuel economy requirements.

The fine comes after the Environmental Protection Agency said its testing showed the GM pickup trucks and SUVs emit 10% more carbon dioxide on average than GM’s initial compliance testing claimed.

The EPA says the vehicles will remain on the road and cannot be repaired. The GM vehicles, on average, consume about 10% more fuel than the window sticker numbers say, but the EPA said the company won’t be required to reduce the miles per gallon on the stickers.

“Our investigation has achieved accountability and upholds an important program that’s reducing air pollution and protecting communities across the country,” EPA Administrator Michael Regan said.

GM said in a statement that it complied with all regulations regarding pollution and mileage certification of its vehicles. The company said it is not admitting to any wrongdoing or failing to comply with the Clean Air Act.

GM spokesman Bill Grotz said the problem stems from a 2016 change in testing procedures that the EPA implemented.

Grotz said that owners don’t have to take any action because there are no defects in the vehicles.

“We believe this voluntary action is the best course of action to resolve the outstanding issues with the federal government,” he said.

The EPA said the enforcement action involves about 4.6 million full-size pickups and SUVs and about 1.3 million midsize SUVs. The affected models include the Chevy Tahoe, Cadillac Escalade and Chevy Silverado. About 40 variations of GM vehicles are covered.

The EPA said that GM would be forced to give up credits to ensure that manufacturers’ greenhouse gas emissions are below the fleet standard for emissions that apply for that model year.

Because GM agreed to address the excess emissions, the EPA said it was unnecessary to formally determine the reasons for them.

But David Cooke, senior vehicles analyst for the Union of Concerned Scientists, questioned how GM could not know that pollution exceeded initial test by more than 10% because the problem was so widespread on so many different vehicles. “You don’t just make a more than 10% rounding error,” he said.

Dan Becker, director of the Safe Climate Transport Campaign for the environmental group Center for Biological Diversity, said the violations by GM “show why automakers can’t be trusted to protect our air and health, and why we need strict pollution rules. Supreme Court, take notice!”

The Supreme Court last week rejected a 40-year-old legal doctrine known as Chevron, effectively reducing the power of the EPA and other executive branch agencies and shifting it to the courts. The doctrine has been the basis for upholding thousands of federal regulations but has long been a target of conservatives and business groups, who argue it grants too much power to the executive branch, or what some critics call the administrative state.

In similar pollution cases in the past, automakers have been fined under the Clean Air Act for such violations, and the Justice Department normally gets involved, Cooke said. Hyundai and Kia, for instance, faced Justice Department action in a similar case.

The Justice Department declined to comment.

Cooke said it’s possible that GM owners could sue the company because they are getting lower gas mileage than advertised.

In 2014, Hyundai and Kia entered into a settlement, in which they paid a $100 million civil penalty to end a two-year investigation into overstated gas mileage on the window stickers of 1.2 million vehicles.

The affiliated Korean automakers denied allegations that they violated the law. Hyundai blamed the inflated mileage on an honest misinterpretation of the EPA’s complex testing rules.

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