What is identity theft?
Identity theft occurs when someone uses your personal data — your name, Social Security number, birthdate, etc. — to impersonate you, typically to steal from you. The Federal Trade Commission received more than 1 million reports of identity theft through its IdentityTheft.gov website in 2023.
Identity thieves may drain your bank and investment accounts, open new credit lines, get utility service, steal your tax refund, use your insurance information to get medical treatments, or give police your name and address when they are arrested.
Frequent data breaches mean your information may already be exposed. For this reason, it’s smart to take steps to prevent malicious actors from using your personal information and ruining your financial life.
Here’s what you need to know to reduce chances you’ll be a target, spot warning signs and take quick action to minimize damage.
7 types of identity theft and the warning signs
Here are common ways a criminal may exploit your information:
1. Credit identity theft
Credit identity theft happens when a criminal uses your personal information, such as birthdate and Social Security number, to apply for a new credit line.
Warning signs: You might see an unexpected change in your credit scores or an account you don’t recognize on your credit reports. You may get debt collection notices or a court judgment against you. The best way to prevent it is to freeze your credit.
2. Child identity theft
With this type of identity theft, criminals steal a child’s identity and apply for credit in that child’s name. Often it is not discovered until the victim applies for college loans or other credit.
Warning signs: If your child is getting offers of credit cards or phone calls about late payments or debt collections, investigate. You can freeze your child's credit to prevent it.
3. Synthetic identity theft
Synthetic identity theft is when criminals use a patchwork of identity details to construct a fictitious consumer, using a Social Security number — often one of a minor child or one that is simply made up — that is not yet in the credit bureaus’ database and combining it with a name and address. They then apply for loans and credit cards, often making payments for years as the credit limits grow. Once the credit cards are maxed out, the criminals disappear, leaving you with the unpaid balance.
Warning signs: One warning sign to look out for is trying to freeze your child’s credit and discovering their Social Security number is already in use. Often child identity theft is not discovered until the child is applying for their own credit card or student loans. Unfortunately, this kind of identity theft is not totally preventable because criminals sometimes make up and use a Social Security number before it's assigned.
4. Taxpayer identity theft
Sometimes fraudsters use a Social Security number to file a tax return and steal your tax refund or tax credit.
Warning signs: You may be unable to e-file because someone else has already filed under that Social Security number, you get an IRS notice or letter referencing some activity you knew nothing about or IRS records suggest you worked for an employer that you did not. Filing early can help you beat criminals to filing in your name, and some states offer six-digit identity protection PINs (after a rigorous verification) with additional security.
5. Medical identity theft
Using someone else’s identity to get health care services is medical identity theft. It’s particularly dangerous because it can result in medical histories being mixed, giving doctors and hospitals wrong information as they are making health care decisions.
Warning signs: Claims or payments on your insurance explanation of benefits that you do not recognize can suggest that someone is using your health care benefits. If you’ve fallen victim, you’ll need to both report it to your insurance company and inform your health care team to be sure information in your health care records is actually yours.
6. Account takeover
Criminals use personal data to access your financial accounts, then change passwords or addresses so that you no longer have access.
Warning signs: You received an email, letter or text from your financial institution that refers to an action (like a password or email change) or transaction you don't recognize.
7. Criminal identity theft
Criminal identity theft occurs when someone gives law enforcement authorities someone else’s name and address during an arrest or investigation. This is often done with false identification, such as a fake driver’s license.
Warning signs: You may be detained by a police officer for reasons that are unclear to you, or be denied employment or a promotion because of something found in a background check.
Ways identity theft happens
Here are some of the ways your personal information can be compromised:
1. Lost wallet
When your wallet is lost or stolen, someone else may gain access to all the information in it.
Don’t carry your Social Security card or more credit or debit cards than you use regularly, and don’t keep a list of passwords and access codes in your wallet.
Some debit and credit card issuers allow you to temporarily “turn off” a lost card; with others, you have to cancel and get a new card issued. Consider using this option in case you eventually find your card, but check to make sure there aren’t any odd transactions before unlocking your card.
2. Mailbox theft
Someone simply takes your mail or forwards your mail to a different address so that you suddenly stop getting most mail.
Sign up for USPS Informed Delivery. You’ll get an email with images of the items that should be delivered to you so you’ll know if things are missing.
Choose a secure mailbox and retrieve mail promptly.
3. Using public Wi-Fi
Hackers may be able to see what you are doing when you use free public Wi-Fi.
Don’t use public Wi-Fi for shopping, banking or other sensitive transactions.
If you choose to use public Wi-Fi, use a virtual private network service to create a secure connection.
Purchase a privacy screen for your laptop to keep prying eyes from seeing the information on your screen.
You may also consider sticking with secured versus unsecured Wi-Fi networks, keeping your firewall enabled to protect from malware threats or turning off file-sharing options.
4. Data breaches
Hackers invade databases holding sensitive information. Almost everyone has been affected by a data breach.
Assume that your data is already out there and take precautions accordingly. Monitor your credit reports, especially for new accounts or inquiries resulting from credit applications.
Check your credit scores often — unexpected changes can be a clue — and read financial and insurance statements carefully. Monitor your credit reports, especially for new accounts or inquiries resulting from credit applications.
5. SIM card swap
A SIM card swap happens when someone takes over your phone number. You may stop getting calls and texts, or you may get a notice that your phone has been activated.
Set up a PIN or password on your cellular account.
Consider using an authentication app for accounts with sensitive financial information. Authentication apps are mobile apps that add an extra layer of security to your online accounts by requesting one time passwords that are typically time sensitive.
6. Phishing or spoofing
Some fraudsters try to get you to disclose personal data, such as credit or debit card numbers, Social Security numbers and banking information, by sending an official-looking email. Spoofing involves doing much the same thing with caller ID, so that the number appears to be that of a trusted company or government agency.
Do not give out personal data in response to an email or call.
Find contact information from a trusted source, such as your bank website, and use it to verify whether the call or email is legitimate.
7. Skimming
Skimming is getting credit or debit card information, often from a small device, when a card is used at a brick-and-mortar location such as a gas pump or ATM.
Use cards with chips, which have added protections.
Pay inside at the gas station if you can, because skimming devices are more likely to be placed at unmonitored payment sites.
Detect fraudulent activity early by setting email or text alerts that let you know when your credit or debit cards are used. If a card is used without your authorization, call the issuer immediately.
8. Phone scams
You may be told you have won something or even that you are in danger of being arrested. The caller claims to need personal, banking or credit information to verify your identity or to know where to send you money.
Don’t give personal information out over the phone.
Be aware of common phone scams. The IRS, for example, does not initiate contact with taxpayers by phone (or email or social media) to request personal or financial information, nor does it call with threats of arrest or lawsuits.
9. Looking over your shoulder
Fraudsters can learn a password just by watching your fingers as you key it in. The information on your credit or debit card can be photographed with a smartphone while you shop online in a public place. A business might leave sensitive information where people can see it.
Be aware of your surroundings.
Don’t leave cards where they can be seen.
Cover your hand when you key in passwords or codes.
10. Malware
Opening an email attachment or visiting an infected website can install malicious software on your computer, such as a keylogger. That does what it sounds like — logs every keystroke, giving criminals access to passwords, account numbers and more.
Be cautious about clicking on attachments or links in emails and about the websites you visit.
Use a password manager, which lets you avoid keying in login credentials.
How to prevent identity theft
You’re unlikely to find a fail-safe way to prevent identity theft, and monitoring services only let you know after something has gone wrong. But there are 11 things you can do to make it much harder for identity thieves.
1. Freeze your credit
Freezing your credit with all three major credit bureaus — Equifax, Experian and TransUnion — restricts access to your records so new credit files cannot be opened. It’s also a way to prevent identity theft online. It’s free to freeze your credit and unfreeze when you want to open an account, and it provides the best protection against an identity thief using your data to open a new account.
2. Safeguard your Social Security number
Your Social Security number is the master key to your personal data. Guard it as best you can. When you are asked for your number, ask why it is needed and how it will be protected. Don’t carry your card with you. Securely store or shred paperwork containing your Social Security number.
3. Be alert to phishing and spoofing
Scammers can make phone calls appear to come from government entities or businesses, and emails that appear to be legitimate may be attempts to steal your information. Initiate a callback or return email yourself, working from a known entity such as the official website, rather than responding to a call or email. And be wary of attachments — many contain malware.
4. Use strong passwords and add an authentication step
Use a password manager to create and store complex, unique passwords for your accounts. Don’t reuse passwords. Adding an authenticator app can reduce your risk. Don’t rely on security questions to keep your accounts safe; your mother’s maiden name and your pet’s name aren’t hard to find. Think carefully about what you post on social media so you don't give away key data or clues about how you answer security questions.
5. Use alerts
Many financial institutions will text or email when transactions are made on your accounts. Sign up so that you know when and where your credit or debit cards are used, when there are withdrawals or deposits to financial accounts and more.
6. Watch your mailbox
Stolen mail is one of the easiest paths to a stolen identity. Have your mail held if you’re out of town. Consider a U.S. Postal Service-approved lockable mailbox. You can also sign up for Informed Delivery through the USPS, which gives you a preview of your mail so you can tell if anything is missing.
7. Shred, shred, shred
Any credit card, bank or investment statements that someone could fish out of your garbage shouldn’t be there in the first place. Shred junk mail, too, especially preapproved offers of credit.
8. Use a digital wallet
If you’re paying online or in a store, use a digital wallet, an app containing secure, digital versions of credit and debit cards. You can use it to shop online or at a compatible checkout terminal. Transactions are tokenized and encrypted, which makes them safer. In addition, contactless transactions have fewer health risks.
9. Protect your mobile devices
Use passwords on your electronic devices. Use a banking app rather than a mobile browser for banking.
10. Check your credit reports regularly
The three major credit reporting bureaus give consumers access to free credit reports weekly, accessible by using AnnualCreditReport.com. Check to be sure that accounts are being reported properly and watch for signs of fraud, like accounts you don't recognize. You can also sign up for a free credit report and score from NerdWallet to receive alerts when there are changes.
11. Monitor financial and medical statements
Read financial statements. Make sure you recognize every transaction. Know due dates and call to investigate if you do not receive an expected bill. Review “explanation of benefits” statements to make sure you recognize the services provided to guard against health care fraud.
How to report identity theft
The FTC's IdentityTheft.gov is a one-stop shop for information and reporting identity theft. Start with that site and follow its recommended steps to make a recovery plan. You may also need to contact your police department, the Postal Service and the credit bureaus. The IRS has a phone line for identity theft, at 800-908-4490, and a taxpayer guide to identity theft on its website.
The FTC takes scam and identity theft reports over the phone or online in multiple languages including Spanish, Mandarin, Tagalog, Vietnamese, French, Arabic, Korean, Russian, Portuguese and Polish. It also offers consumer education in a variety of languages.
You can also go directly to your credit or debit card issuer if your card was lost, stolen or used without your knowledge.If it appears someone else used your health benefit, contact your health insurer and consider contacting any involved providers to make sure someone else’s health history is not mixed with yours.
What happens when you report identity theft?
Reporting identity theft starts an investigation and the process of restoring your good name. The exact steps will depend on the type of identity theft.
Credit and debit card issuers generally replace the cards with new ones with a different number, and you are back in business. Taxpayer identity theft or theft of benefits typically are resolved more slowly.
No matter which type of identity theft you experience, keep extensive notes about phone conversations and retain related emails.
What is the best identity theft protection service?
Identity theft protection services let you know that your identifying information has been used, or that it is at risk because it was exposed in a data breach. If you are a victim of identity theft, they may also guide you through the process of cleaning up the mess and restoring your identity — and reimburse you for costs.
If you’re already doing all you can do to protect your identity or feel you don't have time to do it, you may want to consider an identity theft protection service. Protections vary, and most offer additional ways to protect your privacy and other services. The best choice among the paid services is one that fits your budget and offers you the coverage you care about.
Before you pay for one, though, check to be sure you don’t have an identity theft benefit or discount you’re not using.
If you decide to buy, NerdWallet has reviews of: