Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies
- PMID: 9094926
- DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/65.4.1220S
Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies
Abstract
In epidemiologic studies, total energy intake is often related to disease risk because of associations between physical activity or body size and the probability of disease. In theory, differences in disease incidence may also be related to metabolic efficiency and therefore to total energy intake. Because intakes of most specific nutrients, particularly macronutrients, are correlated with total energy intake, they may be noncausally associated with disease as a result of confounding by total energy intake. In addition, extraneous variation in nutrient intake resulting from variation in total energy intake that is unrelated to disease risk may weaken associations. Furthermore, individuals or populations must alter their intake of specific nutrients primarily by altering the composition of their diets rather than by changing their total energy intake, unless physical activity or body weight are changed substantially. Thus, adjustment for total energy intake is usually appropriate in epidemiologic studies to control for confounding, reduce extraneous variation, and predict the effect of dietary interventions. Failure to account for total energy intake can obscure associations between nutrient intakes and disease risk or even reverse the direction of association. Several disease-risk models and formulations of these models are available to account for energy intake in epidemiologic analyses, including adjustment of nutrient intakes for total energy intake by regression analysis and addition of total energy to a model with the nutrient density (nutrient divided by energy).
Similar articles
-
Total Energy Intake: Implications for Epidemiologic Analyses.Am J Epidemiol. 2023 Nov 3;192(11):1801-1805. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwac071. Am J Epidemiol. 2023. PMID: 35419586 Review.
-
Intake of total and added sugars and nutrient dilution in Australian children and adolescents.Br J Nutr. 2015 Dec 14;114(11):1875-86. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515003542. Epub 2015 Sep 28. Br J Nutr. 2015. PMID: 26411397
-
Energy density of diets reported by American adults: association with food group intake, nutrient intake, and body weight.Int J Obes (Lond). 2005 Aug;29(8):950-6. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802980. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005. PMID: 15917854
-
Interpretation of energy adjustment models for nutritional epidemiology.Am J Epidemiol. 1993 Jun 15;137(12):1376-80. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116647. Am J Epidemiol. 1993. PMID: 8333419
-
Total energy intake: implications for epidemiologic analyses.Am J Epidemiol. 1986 Jul;124(1):17-27. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114366. Am J Epidemiol. 1986. PMID: 3521261 Review.
Cited by
-
Association of specific nutritional intake with periodontitis.BMC Oral Health. 2024 May 30;24(1):640. doi: 10.1186/s12903-024-04384-6. BMC Oral Health. 2024. PMID: 38816851 Free PMC article.
-
The association of red and processed meat with gestational diabetes mellitus: Results from 2 Canadian birth cohort studies.PLoS One. 2024 May 30;19(5):e0302208. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302208. eCollection 2024. PLoS One. 2024. PMID: 38814912 Free PMC article.
-
Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load and Dyslipidemia in Adolescents from Chiapas, Mexico.Nutrients. 2024 May 14;16(10):1483. doi: 10.3390/nu16101483. Nutrients. 2024. PMID: 38794721 Free PMC article.
-
Environmental impact of the diet of young Portuguese and its relationship with adherence to the Mediterranean Diet.Eur J Nutr. 2024 May 19. doi: 10.1007/s00394-024-03396-w. Online ahead of print. Eur J Nutr. 2024. PMID: 38763928
-
The association between adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet and cognitive ageing.Age Ageing. 2024 May 11;53(Suppl 2):ii39-ii46. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afae032. Age Ageing. 2024. PMID: 38745489 Free PMC article.
Publication types
MeSH terms
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Medical