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. 2022 Dec 5:10:972809.
doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.972809. eCollection 2022.

Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders: Global burden of disease 2019 and bibliometric analysis of risk factors

Yang-An Li  1   2 , Ze-Jian Chen  1   2 , Xiao-Dan Li  3 , Ming-Hui Gu  1   2 , Nan Xia  1   2 , Chen Gong  4 , Zhao-Wen Zhou  4 , Gvzalnur Yasin  5 , Hao-Yu Xie  6 , Xiu-Pan Wei  1   2 , Ya-Li Liu  1   2 , Xiao-Hua Han  1   2 , Min Lu  1   2 , Jiang Xu  1   2 , Xiao-Lin Huang  1   2
Affiliations

Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders: Global burden of disease 2019 and bibliometric analysis of risk factors

Yang-An Li et al. Front Pediatr. .

Abstract

Background: To explore the geographical pattern and temporal trend of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) epidemiology from 1990 to 2019, and perform a bibliometric analysis of risk factors for ASD.

Methods: In this study, ASD epidemiology was estimated with prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of 204 countries and territories by sex, location, and sociodemographic index (SDI). Age-standardized rate (ASR) and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) were used to quantify ASD temporal trends. Besides, the study performed a bibliometric analysis of ASD risk factors since 1990. Publications published were downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection database, and were analyzed using CiteSpace.

Results: Globally, there were estimated 28.3 million ASD prevalent cases (ASR, 369.4 per 100,000 populations), 603,790 incident cases (ASR, 9.3 per 100,000 populations) and 4.3 million DALYs (ASR, 56.3 per 100,000 populations) in 2019. Increases of autism spectrum disorders were noted in prevalent cases (39.3%), incidence (0.1%), and DALYs (38.7%) from 1990 to 2019. Age-standardized rates and EAPC showed stable trend worldwide over time. A total of 3,991 articles were retrieved from Web of Science, of which 3,590 were obtained for analysis after removing duplicate literatures. "Rehabilitation", "Genetics & Heredity", "Nanoscience & Nanotechnology", "Biochemistry & Molecular biology", "Psychology", "Neurosciences", and "Environmental Sciences" were the hotspots and frontier disciplines of ASD risk factors.

Conclusions: Disease burden and risk factors of autism spectrum disorders remain global public health challenge since 1990 according to the GBD epidemiological estimates and bibliometric analysis. The findings help policy makers formulate public health policies concerning prevention targeted for risk factors, early diagnosis and life-long healthcare service of ASD. Increasing knowledge concerning the public awareness of risk factors is also warranted to address global ASD problem.

Keywords: autism spectrum disorders; biblimetric analysis; disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs); epidemiology; global burden disease; incidence; prevalence.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Global prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in 2019. (A) Prevalent cases of autism spectrum disorders by location for both sexes in 2019. (B) Age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) of autism spectrum disorders by location for both sexes in 2019.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Global incidence of autism spectrum disorder in 2019. (A) Incident cases of autism spectrum disorders by location for both sexes in 2019. (B) Age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of autism spectrum disorders by location for both sexes in 2019.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Global prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) by sex and socio-demographic index (SDI) quintiles from 1990 to 2019.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(A) The number of publications on risk factors of ASD since 1990. (B) Leading countries or territories that contributed to publications on risk factors of ASD since 1990.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The cluster map of co-occurrence research categories related to risk factors on ASD since 1990.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The cluster map of co-occurrence keywords related to risk factors on ASD since 1990.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The top 30 keywords with the strongest citation bursts related to risk factors on ASD since 1990.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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