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. 2011 Jan 28;8(1):6.
doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-6.

Acute and second-meal effects of almond form in impaired glucose tolerant adults: a randomized crossover trial

Alisa M Mori  1 , Robert V Considine, Richard D Mattes
Affiliations

Acute and second-meal effects of almond form in impaired glucose tolerant adults: a randomized crossover trial

Alisa M Mori et al. Nutr Metab (Lond). .

Abstract

Background: Nut consumption may reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The aim of the current study was to measure the acute and second-meal effects of morning almond consumption and determine the contribution of different nut fractions.

Methods: Fourteen impaired glucose tolerant (IGT) adults participated in a randomized, 5-arm, crossover design study where whole almonds (WA), almond butter (AB), defatted almond flour (AF), almond oil (AO) or no almonds (vehicle - V) were incorporated into a 75 g available carbohydrate-matched breakfast meal. Postprandial concentrations of blood glucose, insulin, non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and appetitive sensations were assessed after treatment breakfasts and a standard lunch.

Results: WA significantly attenuated second-meal and daylong blood glucose incremental area under the curve (AUCI) and provided the greatest daylong feeling of fullness. AB and AO decreased blood glucose AUCI in the morning period and daylong blood glucose AUCI was attenuated with AO. WA and AO elicited a greater second-meal insulin response, particularly in the early postprandial phase, and concurrently suppressed the second-meal NEFA response. GLP-1 concentrations did not vary significantly between treatments.

Conclusions: Inclusion of almonds in the breakfast meal decreased blood glucose concentrations and increased satiety both acutely and after a second-meal in adults with IGT. The lipid component of almonds is likely responsible for the immediate post-ingestive response, although it cannot explain the differential second-meal response to AB versus WA and AO.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A) Daylong NEFA concentrations as change from baseline; B) Daylong insulin concentrations as change from baseline; C) Daylong glucose concentrations as change from baseline (*P < 0.05). black circles = WA (whole almonds); white circles = AB (almond butter); black triangles = AF (almond flour); white triangles = AO (almond oil); white squares = V (vehicle).
Figure 2
Figure 2
A) NEFA AUCI for the day (time 0-490 min), morning period (first-meal; time 0-240 min.), and afternoon AUCI (second-meal; time 240-490 min.); B) Insulin AUCI ; C) Glucose AUCI. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences within the response period for each measurement (P < 0.05). (solid black = WA (whole almonds); vertical lines = AB (almond butter); vertical and horizontal lines = AF (almond flour); diagonal lines = AO (almond oil); solid white = V (vehicle)).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Area plot of fullness ratings in millimeters from the "not at all anchor" of a 100 mm visual analog scale. (WA = whole almond; AB = almond butter; AF = almond flour; AO = almond oil; V = vehicle).
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