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. 2008 Jul 15;41(4):1493-503.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.029. Epub 2008 Apr 1.

Default-mode function and task-induced deactivation have overlapping brain substrates in children

Moriah E Thomason  1 , Catherine E Chang, Gary H Glover, John D E Gabrieli, Michael D Greicius, Ian H Gotlib
Affiliations

Default-mode function and task-induced deactivation have overlapping brain substrates in children

Moriah E Thomason et al. Neuroimage. .

Abstract

The regions that comprise the functionally connected resting-state default-mode network (DMN) in adults appear to be the same as those that are characterized by task-induced decreases in blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal. Independent component analysis can be used to produce a picture of the DMN as an individual rests quietly in the scanner. Contrasts across conditions in which cognitive load is parametrically modulated can delineate neural structures that have decreases in activation in response to high-demand task conditions. Examination of the degree to which these networks subsume dissociable brain substrates, and of the degree to which they overlap, provides insight concerning their purpose, function, and the nature of their associations. Few studies have examined the DMN in children, and none have tested whether the neural regions that comprise the DMN during a resting condition are the same regions that show reduced activity when children engage in cognitive tasks. In this paper we describe regions that show both task-related decreases and spontaneous intrinsic activity at rest in children, and we examine the co-localization of these networks. We describe ways in which the DMN in 7-12-year-old children is both similar to and different from the DMN in adults; moreover, we document that task-induced deactivations and default-mode resting-state activity in children share common neural substrates. It appears, therefore, that even before adolescence a core aspect of task-induced deactivation involves reallocating processing resources that are active at rest. We describe how future studies assessing the development of these systems would benefit from examining these constructs as part of one continuous system.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Areas in which children exhibited load-dependent decreases in activation with increased WM load. Numbers correspond to coordinates listed in Table 2. Peak deactivations were observed in posterior cingulate, precuneus, middle frontal, fusiform, parahippocampal, sensorimotor, and parietal regions. Axial images are presented in neurological convention (left is left) with deactivation threshold set to p < 0.05.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Cognitive measures administered outside of scanner were significantly correlated with the amount of BOLD decrease between low and high loads at p < 0.05 in postcentral and middle frontal gyri. WM = working memory composite z-score across digit and block span; Proc Speed = processing speed composite z-score across digit symbol, visual matching, and cross out.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Areas in which children exhibited default-mode network functional connectivity. z-scores reflect the degree to which a the time series of a given voxel correlates with the time series corresponding to the default-mode network-specific ICA component. Images are thresholded at p < 0.01 with cluster minimum of 25 voxels. Numbers correspond to coordinates listed in Table 5. Axial images are presented in neurological convention (left is left).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Peak resting state functional connectivity in the default-mode brain network derived from four studies. Three of the studies used ROI-based functional connectivity analysis in adults, while the current study used ICA-based analysis in children. Abbreviations: PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; ITC, inferolateral temporal cortex; MPFC, medial prefrontal cotex; PHG, parahippocampal gyrus; BA, Brodmann Area. Axial images are presented in neurological convention (left is left). The z coordinate for each peak was adjusted to fall on the nearest representative slice.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Regions of task-induced deactivations and ICA-based functional connectivity at rest, and the overlap between them in the default-mode brain network. Axial images are presented in neurological convention (left is left) and z coordinates for each slice are given. Activation maps for WM task-induced deactivations were binarized at a set threshold of p < 0.05, and functional connectivity maps were similarly binarized at a set threshold of p < 0.01 with a k extent of 25 voxels.
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