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In a re-analysis of a cluster-randomized trial on malaria-control measures, the combined intervention reduces infections up to 3 km from the point of intervention, increasing efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the intervention.
Using a curated dataset of 2,400 cases and a framework to simulate a realistic clinical setting, current large language models are shown to incur substantial pitfalls when used for autonomous clinical decision-making.
Drawing on 51,269 participants across 9 independent, geographically diverse datasets, an AI model identifies the etiologies contributing to dementia in individuals, harnessing a broad array of data, including demographics, medical history, medication use, neuropsychological assessments, functional evaluations, and multimodal neuroimaging.
A multimodal analysis of patients with 22 different immune-mediated monogenic diseases versus matched healthy controls leads to the development of the immune health metric, which could be implemented broadly to predict responses to aging, vaccination and other immune perturbations.
A natural experiment reports that US healthcare systems have substantial adaptability but only a moderate level of resilience to disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
In a randomized phase 3 trial, neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 plus either paclitaxel and cisplatin or nab-paclitaxel and cisplatin elicited a significantly superior pathological complete response rate versus neoadjuvant paclitaxel and cisplatin alone in patients with resectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
In a phase 2 randomized control trial, intermittent senolytic therapy administered to postmenopausal women did not result in a reduction in the bone resorption marker, serum CTx, compared to control at 20 weeks.
In a cohort of 281 children with diagnosed or suspected cancer presenting to the NHS, implementing routine whole-genome sequencing provided clinical benefit in 29% of cases and led to change in management in 7% of patients.
Enabled by augmented muscle afferents, a bionic leg under continuous neural control restores biomimetic adaptations to various walking speeds, terrains and perturbations.
Disparities in mortality attributable to PM2.5 air pollution was more pronounced by race/ethnicity than other sociodemographic factors such as education, rurality and social vulnerability index, according to population estimates using US Census data.
A multi-modal analysis of pre-metastatic liver biopsies from patients with localized pancreatic cancer with a minimum of 3 years of follow-up shows that immunological, proliferative and metabolomic features distinguish patients who develop metastases from disease-free survivors and can be used to predict outcomes.
In this phase 3 trial, first-line treatment of patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with anti-PD-1 finotonlimab plus cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil (C5F) prolonged overall survival compared with placebo plus C5F.
When tested across tasks, diseases and imaging modalities, the performance of AI models depends on encoding of demographic shortcuts, and correcting for them decreases their ability to generalize in new populations.
In a randomized phase 1 trial, the addition of a live Clostridium species-containing product to a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 treatment combination did not increase bacterial abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. but enhanced clinical responses in participants with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
A randomized controlled trial performed in a screen-and-treat program in Zambia found that a portable, battery-operated thermal ablation device was not inferior to cryotherapy and electrosurgical excision in cervical precancer treatment.
Using an international collection of population-based microbiome studies of participants in the MicroCardio Consortium, a cross-cohort meta-analysis identified several phylogenetically diverse, species- and strain-level microbial features as well as community-level functional shifts encompassing diverse pathways to type 2 diabetes.
A combined-ancestry GWAS of diabetic retinopathy, comprising 68,169 cases and 129,188 controls, revealed nine previously unreported loci associated with the condition, including an evolutionarily adaptive genetic variant alongside a potential functional mechanism that influences racial disparities in diabetes complications among individuals of non-Hispanic African ancestry.
In a pre-specified analysis of the FLOW trial, the use of an SGLT2 inhibitor did not impact the overall benefits of of semaglutide on kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in participants with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease
A phase 2 dose-finding study of an extended-release tablet formulation of ketamine in patients with treatment-resistant depression shows that this formulation overcomes many of the limitations associated with the use of intravenous or intranasal ketamine formulations.