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A microscopic perspective on moiré materials

Nature Reviews Materials volume 9, pages 460–480 (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

Contemporary quantum materials research is guided by themes of topology and electronic correlations. A confluence of these two themes is engineered in moiré materials, an emerging class of highly tunable, strongly correlated 2D materials designed by the rotational or lattice misalignment of atomically thin crystals. In moiré materials, dominant Coulomb interactions among electrons give rise to collective electronic phases, often with robust topological properties. Identifying the mechanisms responsible for these exotic phases is fundamental to our understanding of strongly interacting quantum systems and to our ability to engineer new material properties for potential future technological applications. In this Review, we highlight the contributions of local spectroscopic, thermodynamic and electromagnetic probes to the budding field of moiré materials research. These techniques have not only identified many of the underlying mechanisms of the correlated insulators, generalized Wigner crystals, unconventional superconductors, moiré ferroelectrics and topological orbital ferromagnets found in moiré materials, but have also uncovered fragile quantum phases that have evaded spatially averaged global probes. Furthermore, we highlight recently developed local probe techniques, including local charge sensing and quantum interference probes, that have uncovered new physical observables in moiré materials.

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Fig. 1: Phase diagrams of moiré materials.
Fig. 2: Flat electronic bands and cascades of electronic transitions in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene.
Fig. 3: Mapping correlated insulators in moiré graphene.
Fig. 4: Imaging correlated insulators in moiré transition metal dichalcogenides.
Fig. 5: Local sensing of correlation-driven topological phases in moiré graphene.
Fig. 6: Imaging orbital ferromagnetism and moiré ferroelectricity.
Fig. 7: Spectroscopic probes of unconventional superconductivity in moiré graphene.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to all collaborators on this subject, particularly to D. Wong, M. Oh, R. L. Lee, T. Soejima, J. P. Hong, D. Călugăru, J. Herzog-Arbeitman, C. Chen, Y. Xie, B. Lian, Y. Chen, O. Vafek, N. Regnault, M. Zaletel and B. A. Bernevig. In addition, the authors thank J. G. Checkelsky for fruitful discussions during the writing of this Review. K.P.N. acknowledges support from the MIT Pappalardo Fellowship in Physics. A.Y. acknowledges funding from Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation’s EPiQS initiative grant GBMF9469, DOE-BES grant DE-FG02-07ER46419, ONR grant N00014-21-1-2592, NSF-MRSEC through the Princeton Center for Complex Materials grant NSFDMR-2011750, the US Army Research Office MURI project under grant number W911NF-21-2-0147 and NSF grant DMR-2312311.

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    Kevin P. Nuckolls & Ali Yazdani

  2. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Kevin P. Nuckolls

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Nuckolls, K.P., Yazdani, A. A microscopic perspective on moiré materials. Nat Rev Mater 9, 460–480 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-024-00682-1

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