Global, Regional and National Burden of Human Cystic Echinococcosis from 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Global Trends in the Disease Burden of Cystic Echinococcosis
3.2. Country-Specific ASIRs of Cystic Echinococcosis
3.3. Age-Specific Burdens of Cystic Echinococcosis
3.4. Association between Age-Specific Burdens of Cystic Echinococcosis and SDI
3.5. Projections of the Global Burden Due to Cystic Echinococcosis from 2020 to 2030
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Incidence | Mortality | DALYs | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number (95% CI) | ASR, per 105 (95% CI) | Number (95% CI) | ASR, per 105 (95% CI) | Number (95% CI) | ASR, per 105 (95% CI) | |||||||
1990 | 2019 | 1990 | 2019 | 1990 | 2019 | 1990 | 2019 | 1990 | 2019 | 1990 | 2019 | |
Global | 134,980 (93,141β195,144) | 207,368 (137,807β303,233) | 2.65 (1.87β3.7) | 2.6 (1.72β3.79) | 2839 (2218β3497) | 1349 (987β1762) | 0.06 (0.04β0.07) | 0.02 (0.01β0.02) | 210,044 (166,434β261,084) | 122,457 (89,244β168,556) | 3.82 (3.05β4.7) | 1.56 (1.14β2.15) |
Gender | ||||||||||||
Male | 55,004 (36,334β84,605) | 83,318 (52,851β127,144) | 2.12 (1.43β3.1) | 2.09 (1.34β3.21) | 1480 (1105β1879) | 726 (455β1030) | 0.06 (0.04β0.08) | 0.02 (0.01β0.03) | 103,864 (78,388β133,209) | 58,532 (40,465β81,788) | 3.74 (2.86β4.75) | 1.49 (1.04β2.1) |
Female | 79,977 (56,335β113,027) | 124,050 (84,455β175,220) | 3.17 (2.28β4.31) | 3.1 (2.1β4.38) | 1359 (995β1776) | 623 (385β879) | 0.05 (0.04β0.07) | 0.02 (0.01β0.02) | 103,864 (78,388β133,209) | 63,925 (43,062β87,764) | 3.9 (2.99β4.94) | 1.62 (1.08β2.25) |
Socio-demographic index | ||||||||||||
Low | 5079 (3391β7571) | 12,430 (8169β18,540) | 1.11 (0.78β1.61) | 1.2 (0.83β1.71) | 1019 (739β1378) | 438 (303β592) | 0.2 (0.15β0.26) | 0.05 (0.04β0.07) | 70,767 (50,134β97,271) | 27,923 (18,880β38,026) | 10.91 (8.1β14.56) | 2.58 (1.88β3.36) |
Low-middle | 21,426 (12,586β34,881) | 41,908 (25,494β64,714) | 2.17 (1.36β3.3) | 2.37 (1.47β3.62) | 1000 (798β1230) | 455 (338β587) | 0.1 (0.08β0.13) | 0.03 (0.02β0.04) | 67,621 (53,616β85,566) | 31,737 (23,685β42,274) | 5.62 (4.58β6.86) | 1.87 (1.41β2.43) |
Middle | 48,647 (24,709β87,978) | 85,224 (45,368β144,835) | 2.95 (1.58β4.89) | 3.38 (1.8β5.84) | 437 (333β537) | 276 (195β373) | 0.03 (0.02β0.04) | 0.01 (0.01β0.02) | 38,780 (27,433β54,650) | 36,915 (22,015β63,062) | 2.35 (1.73β3.23) | 1.45 (0.86β2.47) |
High-middle | 58,010 (47,824β69,658) | 64,390 (53,694β76,666) | 4.96 (4.1β5.92) | 4.03 (3.35β4.8) | 348 (244β463) | 161 (112β220) | 0.03 (0.02β0.04) | 0.01 (0.01β0.01) | 30,961 (23,984β39,200) | 24,106 (17,621β32,569) | 2.7 (2.1β3.39) | 1.46 (1.05β1.98) |
High | 1799 (1083β2828) | 3359 (1985β5352) | 0.21 (0.13β0.35) | 0.34 (0.19β0.54) | 34 (20β51) | 19 (11β28) | 0 (0β0.01) | 0 (0β0) | 1849 (1287β2529) | 1733 (1123β2638) | 0.22 (0.15β0.3) | 0.16 (0.1β0.25) |
GBD region | ||||||||||||
High-income Asia Pacific | 93 (35β254) | 51 (33β91) | 0.05 (0.02β0.14) | 0.03 (0.01β0.05) | 2 (1β4) | 1 (1β2) | 0 (0β0) | 0 (0β0) | 127 (79β201) | 42 (27β61) | 0.07 (0.04β0.11) | 0.02 (0.01β0.03) |
Central Asia | 65,909 (43,716β102,773) | 95102 (56,969β152,588) | 103.28 (68.82β152.04) | 100.32 (61.06β159.16) | 27 (17β38) | 15 (9β21) | 0.05 (0.03β0.07) | 0.02 (0.01β0.03) | 21,147 (12,039β36,064) | 30,110 (15,271β54,362) | 33.74 (19.48β56.19) | 31.68 (16.44β56) |
East Asia | 5072 (1560β11,800) | 6793 (3000β13,654) | 0.4 (0.13β0.88) | 0.45 (0.18β0.94) | 78 (65β92) | 74 (61β88) | 0.01 (0.01β0.01) | 0 (0β0) | 5541 (4037β8534) | 4395 (2897β7336) | 0.47 (0.35β0.67) | 0.26 (0.17β0.45) |
South Asia | 7321 (4559β13,128) | 14,984 (9539β28,274) | 0.8 (0.51β1.52) | 0.86 (0.56β1.64) | 930 (727β1162) | 478 (340β630) | 0.1 (0.08β0.13) | 0.03 (0.02β0.04) | 59,185 (46,325β73,797) | 23,798 (17,893β30,900) | 4.99 (3.96β6.16) | 1.39 (1.05β1.8) |
Southeast Asia | 664 (164β2059) | 574 (163β1533) | 0.14 (0.04β0.38) | 0.08 (0.02β0.23) | 39 (25β54) | 61 (37β89) | 0.01 (0.01β0.01) | 0.01 (0.01β0.01) | 2265 (1534β3264) | 2460 (1557β3556) | 0.5 (0.34β0.7) | 0.37 (0.24β0.52) |
Australasia | 5 (4β7) | 9 (7β13) | 0.02 (0.02β0.03) | 0.02 (0.02β0.03) | 2 (1β3) | 1 (0β1) | 0.01 (0β0.01) | 0 (0β0) | 60 (35β88) | 23 (15β33) | 0.28 (0.16β0.4) | 0.06 (0.04β0.09) |
Caribbean | 18 (14β24) | 22 (17β28) | 0.06 (0.04β0.07) | 0.04 (0.04β0.06) | 0 (0β1) | 0 (0β1) | 0 (0β0) | 0 (0β0) | 33 (16β56) | 22 (15β31) | 0.09 (0.05β0.15) | 0.05 (0.03β0.07) |
Central Europe | 2279 (1879β2734) | 2326 (1988β2686) | 1.74 (1.41β2.1) | 1.76 (1.49β2.06) | 48 (30β69) | 15 (8β24) | 0.04 (0.02β0.05) | 0.01 (0β0.01) | 2313 (1716β2976) | 1166 (847β1534) | 1.74 (1.29β2.23) | 0.81 (0.59β1.08) |
Eastern Europe | 23,796 (19,659β28,303) | 24,583 (20,301β29,406) | 9.48 (7.9β11.19) | 9.68 (8.14β11.47) | 79 (43β119) | 32 (17β50) | 0.03 (0.02β0.05) | 0.01 (0.01β0.02) | 10,065 (7392β13,113) | 8648 (6168β11,751) | 3.99 (2.94β5.19) | 3.31 (2.36β4.51) |
Western Europe | 870 (657β1242) | 4635 (3933β5435) | 0.21 (0.16β0.31) | 0.86 (0.73β1.02) | 63 (37β90) | 24 (13β38) | 0.01 (0.01β0.02) | 0 (0β0) | 1997 (1343β2741) | 1764 (1303β2337) | 0.45 (0.3β0.6) | 0.31 (0.22β0.4) |
Andean Latin America | 7 (5β10) | 13 (10β16) | 0.02 (0.02β0.03) | 0.02 (0.02β0.03) | 7 (4β10) | 2 (1β3) | 0.02 (0.01β0.03) | 0 (0β0.01) | 394 (193β630) | 85 (48β133) | 0.99 (0.55β1.49) | 0.14 (0.08β0.21) |
Central Latin America | 92 (34β256) | 91 (50β188) | 0.06 (0.02β0.17) | 0.04 (0.02β0.08) | 3 (2β5) | 3 (2β4) | 0 (0β0) | 0 (0β0) | 220 (114β341) | 133 (83β194) | 0.14 (0.08β0.21) | 0.05 (0.03β0.08) |
Southern Latin America | 336 (279β400) | 569 (483β666) | 0.69 (0.58β0.82) | 0.79 (0.67β0.93) | 24 (16β33) | 10 (6β15) | 0.05 (0.04β0.07) | 0.01 (0.01β0.02) | 949 (669β1236) | 476 (345β619) | 1.97 (1.39β2.57) | 0.65 (0.47β0.84) |
Tropical Latin America | 816 (265β2027) | 192 (112β346) | 0.63 (0.23β1.74) | 0.08 (0.05β0.15) | 2 (1β3) | 8 (4β12) | 0 (0β0) | 0 (0β0) | 349 (170β748) | 332 (206β469) | 0.27 (0.14β0.64) | 0.14 (0.09β0.2) |
North Africa and Middle East | 23,763 (14,395β37,029) | 48,205 (29,717β72,394) | 7.61 (4.76β11.23) | 7.81 (4.98β11.44) | 689 (541β854) | 287 (211β374) | 0.27 (0.21β0.33) | 0.06 (0.05β0.08) | 45,756 (35,616β58,030) | 26,631 (18,912β37,908) | 13.58 (10.88β16.64) | 4.53 (3.3β6.27) |
High-income North America | 130 (74β239) | 118 (75β193) | 0.04 (0.02β0.08) | 0.03 (0.02β0.04) | 5 (3β8) | 4 (2β6) | 0 (0β0) | 0 (0β0) | 202 (129β289) | 154 (99β214) | 0.07 (0.04β0.1) | 0.04 (0.02β0.05) |
Oceania | 0 (0β1) | 1 (0β1) | 0 (0β0.01) | 0 (0β0.01) | 0 (0β0) | 1 (0β1) | 0 (0β0) | 0.01 (0β0.01) | 0 (0β1) | 42 (22β68) | 0.01 (0.01β0.01) | 0.34 (0.19β0.53) |
Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 811 (518β1201) | 2030 (1294β3011) | 1.69 (1.18β2.33) | 1.7 (1.18β2.34) | 71 (50β99) | 29 (19β41) | 0.14 (0.09β0.18) | 0.04 (0.02β0.05) | 5105 (3621β7210) | 2047 (1430β2771) | 7.45 (5.35β10.23) | 1.76 (1.28β2.33) |
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 1477 (1124β1890) | 3260 (2485β4157) | 0.81 (0.64β1.01) | 0.8 (0.63β0.99) | 558 (383β784) | 191 (130β266) | 0.31 (0.22β0.42) | 0.07 (0.05β0.1) | 38,989 (26,530β56,175) | 11,813 (7615β16,493) | 16.61 (11.77β23.09) | 3.04 (2.1β4.1) |
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 20 (15β27) | 29 (22β38) | 0.04 (0.03β0.05) | 0.04 (0.03β0.05) | 20 (11β29) | 10 (6β15) | 0.05 (0.03β0.07) | 0.02 (0.01β0.02) | 1074 (540β1686) | 456 (246β695) | 2.15 (1.2β3.21) | 0.6 (0.34β0.9) |
Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 1499 (941β2276) | 3781 (2342β5797) | 0.88 (0.59β1.25) | 0.91 (0.61β1.29) | 191 (117β283) | 103 (60β157) | 0.09 (0.06β0.13) | 0.03 (0.02β0.04) | 14,274 (8226β22,125) | 7858 (4459β12,066) | 5.46 (3.48β7.96) | 1.54 (0.99β2.2) |
Items | Incidence | Mortality | DALYs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annual Rate of Change (%, 95% CI) | EAPC (%, 95% CI) | Annual Rate of Change (%, 95% CI) | EAPC (%, 95% CI) | Annual Rate of Change (%, 95% CI) | EAPC (%, 95% CI) | |
Global | 0.54 (0.42β0.7) | β0.18 (β0.24β0.12) | β0.52 (β0.66β0.34) | β4.64 (β4.85β4.43) | β0.42 (β0.57β0.23) | β3.38 (β3.5β3.26) |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 0.51 (0.39β0.7) | β0.08 (β0.13β0.02) | β0.51 (β0.7β0.24) | β4.54 (β4.75β4.32) | β0.44 (β0.62β0.21) | β3.47 (β3.6β3.35) |
Female | 0.55 (0.43β0.71) | β0.24 (β0.31β0.18) | β0.54 (β0.73β0.27) | β4.78 (β4.99β4.57) | β0.4 (β0.58β0.15) | β3.3 (β3.43β3.18) |
Socio-demographic index | ||||||
Low | 1.39 (1.26β1.51) | 0.24 (0.22β0.26) | β0.57 (β0.71β0.37) | β4.81 (β4.97β4.65) | β0.61 (β0.74β0.41) | β5.18 (β5.31β5.06) |
Low-middle | 0.94 (0.76β1.16) | 0.38 (0.35β0.42) | β0.54 (β0.67β0.38) | β4.81 (β5.08β4.54) | β0.53 (β0.66β0.37) | β4.16 (β4.37β3.96) |
Middle | 0.74 (0.49β1.03) | 0.48 (0.44β0.51) | β0.37 (β0.58β0.08) | β4.64 (β5.08β4.2) | β0.05 (β0.32β0.24) | β1.94 (β2.14β1.74) |
High-middle | 0.11 (0.05β0.17) | β1.04 (β1.19β0.89) | β0.54 (β0.71β0.3) | β5.17 (β5.37β4.96) | β0.22 (β0.35β0.08) | β2.51 (β2.66β2.35) |
High | 0.87 (0.52β1.36) | 1.67 (1.54β1.81) | β0.45 (β0.71β0.05) | β4.01 (β4.17β3.86) | β0.06 (β0.39β0.38) | β1.14 (β1.34β0.94) |
GBD region | ||||||
High-income Asia Pacific | β0.45 (β0.66β0.02) | β2.9 (β3.51β2.28) | β0.52 (β0.78β0.02) | β6.76 (β7.52β6) | β0.67 (β0.79β0.46) | β5.66 (β6.32β5.01) |
Central Asia | 0.44 (0.28β0.67) | β0.2 (β0.28β0.12) | β0.45 (β0.7β0.01) | β3.61 (β4.11β3.11) | 0.42 (0.22β0.68) | β0.35 (β0.42β0.27) |
East Asia | 0.34 (β0.05β1.06) | 0.56 (0.49β0.64) | β0.05 (β0.27β0.24) | β5.35 (β6.64β4.05) | β0.21 (β0.38β0.04) | β2.77 (β3.28β2.26) |
South Asia | 1.05 (0.87β1.25) | 0.32 (0.25β0.39) | β0.49 (β0.64β0.3) | β4.74 (β5.05β4.42) | β0.6 (β0.71β0.46) | β4.92 (β5.18β4.67) |
Southeast Asia | β0.14 (β0.32β0.21) | β2.35 (β2.77β1.94) | 0.59 (β0.09β1.76) | β4.35 (β5.96β2.72) | 0.09 (β0.37β0.93) | β4.66 (β6.03β3.26) |
Australasia | 0.76 (0.61β0.89) | 0.01 (β0.06β0.07) | β0.56 (β0.79β0.1) | β5.42 (β5.56β5.29) | β0.62 (β0.79β0.27) | β5.26 (β5.42β5.1) |
Caribbean | 0.18 (0.06β0.32) | β0.73 (β0.78β0.68) | β0.17 (β0.6β0.82) | β2.98 (β3.59β2.37) | β0.33 (β0.65β0.41) | β2.69 (β3.04β2.35) |
Central Europe | 0.02 (β0.05β0.1) | 0.09 (β0.02β0.19) | β0.69 (β0.85β0.43) | β5.52 (β5.72β5.33) | β0.5 (β0.64β0.29) | β2.86 (β2.95β2.77) |
Eastern Europe | 0.03 (β0.02β0.08) | 0.09 (0.08β0.09) | β0.6 (β0.81β0.2) | β4.39 (β5.01β3.76) | β0.14 (β0.27β0.01) | β0.92 (β1.07β0.77) |
Western Europe | 4.33 (3.04β5.61) | 0.45 (β0.87β1.79) | β0.62 (β0.81β0.25) | β5.2% (β5.31β5.15) | β0.12 (β0.42β0.43) | β2.49 (β2.85β2.13) |
Andean Latin America | 0.78 (0.6β0.99) | β0.12 (β0.13β0.12) | β0.68 (β0.84β0.37) | β5.98 (β6.1β5.85) | β0.78 (β0.9β0.51) | β6.71 (β6.82β6.6) |
Central Latin America | β0.02 (β0.33β0.62) | β1.28 (β1.8β0.75) | β0.21 (β0.6β0.54) | β4.16 (β4.67β3.65) | β0.39 (β0.66β0.2) | β3.97% (β4.43β3.51) |
Southern Latin America | 0.69 (0.61β0.78) | 0.3 (β0.02β0.63) | β0.58 (β0.76β0.31) | β4.77 (β4.84β4.7) | β0.5 (β0.66β0.23) | β3.75% (β3.79β3.7) |
Tropical Latin America | β0.77 (β0.85β0.56) | β6.29 (β6.7β5.87) | 2.65 (0.82β6.16) | β2.7 (β4.52β0.84) | β0.05 (β0.55β1.14) | β4.5% (β5.7β3.29) |
North Africa and Middle East | 1.03 (0.81β1.29) | 0.03 (β0.01β0.08) | β0.58 (β0.7β0.43) | β5.09 (β5.17β5.01) | β0.42 (β0.59β0.2) | β3.91% (β4β3.83) |
High-income North America | β0.09 (β0.3β0.17) | β1.95 (β2.38β1.53) | β0.19 (β0.6β0.64) | β3.54 (β4.06β3.01) | β0.24 (β0.55β0.29) | β3.07% (β3.55β2.59) |
Oceania | 0.9 (0.58β1.2) | β0.19 (β0.22β0.16) | 108.72 (52.51β219.73) | 0.62 (β4.47β5.98) | 92.41 (41.29β182.94) | 2.01% (β2.69β6.94) |
Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 1.5 (1.42β1.59) | 0.04 (0.03β0.04) | β0.59 (β0.74β0.37) | β4.65 (β4.95β4.36) | β0.6 (β0.73β0.4) | β5.02% (β5.3β4.74) |
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 1.21 (1.16β1.26) | β0.07 (β0.1β0.03) | β0.66 (β0.78β0.48) | β5.54 (β5.73β5.34) | β0.7 (β0.81β0.52) | β6.19% (β6.36β6.03) |
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.45 (0.36β0.58) | β0.05 (β0.07β0.03) | β0.48 (β0.74β0.02) | β3.8 (β4.24β3.35) | β0.58 (β0.8β0.07) | β4.27% (β4.72β3.82) |
Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 1.52 (1.46β1.58) | 0.12 (0.1β0.14) | β0.46 (β0.71β0.03) | β4.2 (β4.29β4.11) | β0.45 (β0.72β0.02) | β4.31% (β4.39β4.23) |
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Tian, T.; Miao, L.; Wang, W.; Zhou, X. Global, Regional and National Burden of Human Cystic Echinococcosis from 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9, 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9040087
Tian T, Miao L, Wang W, Zhou X. Global, Regional and National Burden of Human Cystic Echinococcosis from 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2024; 9(4):87. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9040087
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Tian, Liyuan Miao, Wei Wang, and Xiaonong Zhou. 2024. "Global, Regional and National Burden of Human Cystic Echinococcosis from 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 9, no. 4: 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9040087