Innovation and the Future: New Career Opportunities

(Relevant references will appear after each section of the article)

Career decision making. It’s one of the most complex decisions our clients will ever make. How can clients prepare for a future that involves increased use of automation, changing technologies, and global impacts. In the book Jobshift (1994), William Bridges states "Today's workers need to forget jobs completely and look instead for work that needs doing, and then set themselves up as the best way to get that work done.” Bridges’ words are even more relevant today, almost 30 years later.

As we move further away from full-time employment and move towards gig/entrepreneurial work, our clients will need a broader business understanding. Parsons, the grandfather of career development, discusses how we need to know ourselves and industry. As practitioners, we do a great job of helping our clients know themselves, but we also need to help them understand industry more if they are to move towards entrepreneurial work.

Clients will also need more career development skills, such as career decision making and career planning. Traditional job search skills are becoming less important as we transition out of traditional jobs into more and more contract work. This is important because finding the work that needs doing can and will lead to more jobs being created, and that will lead to growth in the economy which will help all of society. The work will come first, then new jobs will be created.

What information will clients need? Our clients will need to understand the industry they work in or want to work in. They will need to be sensitive to changing industry trends. They will need not only to better understand how the local economy works but also to be much more educated about the global economy and which global trends impact their work. As I have mentioned in previous articles, in the fourth industrial revolution (4IR), clients will need technological, entrepreneurial, and global knowledge to be successful. They will need a better understanding that they are part of their industry. They will not be able to see the work that needs doing without this knowledge.

As there is so much going on across all industries with the new technology of the 4IR, we will narrow our focus in this presentation and look at the following four industries: the arts, education, customer service and transportation.

The Arts

As the 4IR shapes our industries, it is important to look at the work being done in a wide variety of sectors. As I have not explored very many artistic industries other than biophilic architecture, I feel it is important to examine how technology is impacting the arts. We can see how design graphics have changed the gaming industry, but what about a wider field of this industry sector? How is the 4IR shaping the arts? What is the work that needs to be done? What are the opportunities that need to be explored moving forward in our future workplaces?

Once again, there is so much information that for this presentation, we will focus how 3D printing technology is having an effect on various art forms. A quick reminder of what 3D printing is: 3D printing is like 2D printing on our photocopiers except we can create 3D objects using a wide variety of materials, such as metal, plastics, and ceramics.

To give you a rough idea of just how big this one technology is, we turn to the Grand View Research report (Grand View Research, 2023):

The global 3D printing market size was valued at USD 13.84 billion in 2021 and is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20.8% from 2022 to 2030. Globally, 2.2 million units of 3D printers were shipped in 2021 and the shipments are expected to reach 21.5 million units by 2030.

This would put the global 3D printing market at around 50 billion by 2030.Today we will explore how 3D printing is being used in art for art’s sake, fashion, jewelry, set design in theatre and film, and architecture.

3D Printing for Art’s Sake

Terry (2017) shares the work of eight artists who are making their mark on the art world using 3D printing. Four of them who use 3D printing for making actual art are featured here. Kate Blacklock is an artist who uses 3D Systems—one of the first companies to create 3D printers—to make ceramic art. She uses a CeraJet printer to turn drawings into ceramic pieces. See her website (Blacklock, 2016) for examples of her work. Eric van Straaten creates 3D sculptures that run from 6,000 to 8,000 pounds each. Most are created around a young woman and animal theme (Van Straaten, n.d.). Rob and Nick Carter are a husband-and-wife team who have collaborated for 20 years (Carter & Carter, 2023a). As well as doing robot art, they have also created a famous outdoor art exhibit of nine tree stumps in bronze using 3D printing. People can sit on the exhibit and interact with it (Carter & Carter, 2023b).

Biomedical Modeling creates anatomical models for the medical profession. Dern (2019) shares that this company has also given artists access to their equipment to print larger items. Kiki Smith, a well-known German artist, brought a copy of her CT scan to Biomedical and asked if they could print a copy, which she later created in bronze using a 3D printer for part of an art display.

3D Art as Fashion

Terry (2017) also highlighted the unique work of Israeli designer Danit Peleg. She started using 3D printing to design clothing in her own home. Her work took off and she has since created a couple of collections. She has also designed her own 3D printing fashion course, teaching people how to design their own 3D printed clothing.  She gathered international fame when she was asked to design Amy Purdy’s dress for the dance routine in the opening of the Paralympics in Rio (Peleg 2018).

3D Jewelry

Dern (2019) discusses the work of Bathsheba Grossman, an American artist with a background in math, who works in metal and 3D printing. Grossman also creates bottle openers and jewelry using 3D printing.

There is lots of very interesting work being done using 3D printing to create original jewelry designs. An example is the company Nervous System, which creates jewelry designed using math and science as an inspiration. Their designs have been based on coral and plants (Nervous System, n.d.). Radian is a company inspired by architecture in their jewelry designs (Radian, 2023). GUY&MAC have taken 3D printed jewelry to another level of luxury. They create custom designs in gold and silver and add gemstones to the 3D printed metals (GUY&MAC, n.d.).

3D Printing in Theatre and Costume Design

Dern (2019) describes how GrabCAD community member Mark Ayers uses 3D printing to develop costumes for himself and his daughters for cosplay, using his daughters’ designs. Cosplay is dressing up as your favourite character, like the many people who attend Comicon.

Goehrke (2017) discusses the Italian company WASP’s creation and how they used 3D printing for the Italian Opera production of Fra Diavolo. The advantage of 3D printed sets is that they can be created to the exact specifications of the set designer. With 3D printing being used more and more in heritage and museum replication, it only makes sense to use the same technology to build theatre sets, creating sets that bring authenticity to the stage.

3D Printing in Architecture

Companies such as WASP in Italy are building massive 3D printers to build actual houses (Slowey, 2015). Other companies are looking to 3D printing to solve the homeless problem by building affordable houses. Companies in China and the Netherlands are working on these types of projects.

Go big or go home! Terry (2017) shares the works of Michael Hansmeyer (Hansmeyer, n.d.) and Benjamin Dillenburger (2023), two artists who are using 3D printing to create “applications of computation to the design and fabrication of architectural forms.” These artists 3D print using concrete, and their work is massive. To really appreciate the work they are doing, I recommend having a look at Michael Hansmeyer’s website (Hansmeyer, n.d.). Prepare to be blown away.

References

Introduction

Bridges, W. (1994). Jobshift: How to prosper in a workplace without jobs. Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading, MA

Parsons, F. (1909). Choosing a vocation. National Career Development Association, Broken Arrow, OK.

The Arts References:

Blacklock, K. (2016). 3D printed ceramics. https://www.kateblacklock.com/3d-printed-ceramics/

Carter, R. & Carter, N. (2023a). About. Rob and Nick Carter. https://www.robandnick.com/

Carter, R. & Carter, N.(2023b). RN1101 Bronze Oak Grove 2017. Rob and Nick Carter. https://www.robandnick.com/rn1101-bronze-oak-grove

Dern, D. (2020, May 19). How 3D printing empowers artists. GrabCAD Blog. https://blog.grabcad.com/blog/2020/05/19/how-3d-printing-empowers-artists/

Dillenburger, B. (2023). Benjamin Dillenburger – Numerical Material. http://benjamin-dillenburger.com/

Goehrke, S. A. (2017, August 9). 3D printing takes the stage with theatrical scenic design. 3DPrint.com. https://3dprint.com/183550/wasp-theatre-scenic-design/

Grand View Research. (2023). 3D printing market size, share & trends analysis report by component (hardware, software, services), by printer type, by technology, by software, by application, by vertical, by region, and segment forecasts, 2022 – 2030. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/3d-printing-industry-analysis

Grossman, B. (n.d.). Classic Designs. Bathsheba Sculpture.  https://bathsheba.com/sculpt/metatron/

GUY&MAC. (n.d.). https://guyandmax.com/

Hansmeyer, M. (n.d.). Michael Hansmeyer - Computational Architecture. https://www.michael-hansmeyer.com/

Nervous Systems. (n.d.). Shop – Jewelry. https://n-e-r-v-o-u-s.com/shop/search_tags.php?search=jewelry

Peleg, D. (2018). Paralympics dress: How I 3D printed Amy Purdy’s dress at the Paralympics opening ceremony. Danit Peleg. https://danitpeleg.com/paralympics-dress/

Radian. (2023). 3D printed jewelry. https://radian-design.com/collections/3d-printed-jewelry

Slowey, K. (2015, September 15). Italian engineering firm WASP builds massive 3-D printer to create low-cost houses. Dive Marketplace. https://www.constructiondive.com/news/italian-engineering-firm-wasp-builds-massive-3-d-printer-to-create-low-cost/406006/

Terry, R. (2017, November 4). These 8 artists are 3D printing masterpieces. Interesting Engineering. https://interestingengineering.com/culture/these-8-artists-are-3d-printing-masterpieces

van Straaten, E. The doll as self portrait. https://ericvanstraaten.com/

Education

What work needs to be done in education? There are lots of opportunities in education. Our focus will mainly be on using technology in education, including gaming, virtual labs, and augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR).

Zirawaga et al. (2017) are a group of researchers who have used gaming in teaching history. In their journal article, they discuss the pushback against using gaming in the classroom, their findings and what they see as some of the advantages. They state that:

Gaming in education may be viewed as an interference to learning but its role in education is to increase students’ motivation and engagement, to enhance visual skills, to improve students’ interaction and collaboration abilities with their peers and to enable them to apply gaming values in a real-world situation. Educational technology is being used to simplify and improve learning but using technology in education does not directly impact student achievement as the technology tools have to be in line with the curriculum for them to be effective.

Zirawaga et al. also claim that the aims of using gaming in the classroom are to:

·        develop an enthusiastic learner

·        motivate and engage students

·        reduce monotonous learning methods

·        help students with focus, self-esteem, and memory

In other words, gaming in education is less about raising students’ marks and more about getting students engaged and enthusiastic about learning.

Thomas (2021), a video game developer and academic, shares that academics such as James Paul Gee, a longtime literacy professor, have repeatedly shown that video games can be used to facilitate learning in the K-12 classroom (Gee, 2003). As well, education writer Greg Toppo makes the same case in his critically acclaimed book The Game Believes in You: How Digital Play Can Make Our Kids Smarter (Toppo, 2015).

 As a grandmother who often uses YouTube as an educational tool to answer questions from her inquisitive grandchildren, I believe that technology tools are not used enough to supplement traditional learning. When I see my 5-year-old grandson basically running his own trucking/construction company, I know gaming is underutilized in education at all levels. This game allows my grandson to drive trucks through a city to complete jobs, earn money as he completes projects, and buy more equipment as his bank balance increases. He has almost completed the entire game successfully, finishing more and more complex construction projects. This one game teaches spatial relations using maps, business concepts, math, and basic project management skills. While not all games are created equally in terms of educational value, more gaming should be considered for the classroom.

In his article, Thomas (2021) agrees, and lists five reasons why video games should be used more widely in our schools:

·        Video games can help students stay in STEM.

·        They provide experiential Learning.

·        Players learn from failure.

·        Students stay engaged in content.

·        Games make complex knowledge fun.

Another area of technology that is being used more widely in classrooms is virtual labs. “Virtual labs are interactive, digital simulations of activities that typically take place in physical laboratory settings” (Badillo et al., 2020).

Badillo et al. (2020) also state that “virtual labs simulate the tools, equipment, tests, and procedures used in chemistry, biochemistry, physics, biology, and other disciplines.” They describe virtual labs as an important element in institutional efforts to expand access to lab-based courses to different groups of students.

Given these advantages, students living in rural areas, using on-line courses and those with disabilities could all benefit from virtual labs.

As I have mentioned in past articles, the use of AR in organizations such as Boeing has demonstrated that employers can reduce training time from almost two years to three months. Using AR reduces time and reduces errors for medical workers/doctors, creating a strong case for use in health care and medical training.

To give you an idea of just how large this field is becoming, there are over 50 post-secondary institutions in the USA that offer students an education in AR/VR programs (Debroy, 2017).  Therefore, it is surprising that we do not hear more about the widespread classroom use of AR and VR at all levels of education, especially post-secondary.

Debroy (2017) discusses five schools that have been integrating AR and VR technology into their learning programs:

·        Sevenoaks in the UK is using AR.

·        San Francisco United School District is using VR.

·        Polk Public School County Florida is using VR.

·        EON Entrepreneur School in Irvine, CA, is using both AR and VR and their students work on creating real customer projects.

·        Chandler Traditional Academy in Arizona uses zSpace Technology and has integrated both AR and VR into their teaching.

Lastly, before we leave the field of education, we need to examine one more area that could provide numerous employment and work opportunities in many countries. As we continue to look at different industries and the opportunities in each of those industries, we can remember that every time there is a need for highly skilled workers in an industry, such as nursing, it means there is an additional opportunity and need for trainers and educators.

For example, the pandemic has taken a toll on the health care industry. In Canada and the USA, we already face a shortage of medical personnel. Health care is the fastest growing industry sector. This would give Canada and the USA the opportunity to ramp up post-secondary education in these areas. We need more trained doctors, nurses, and medical support staff. We could be the leaders in health care training. This could apply to other careers as well, such as cyber security and airline staff. This is especially important because when there is a short supply of trained workers, employers will poach teachers from post-secondary institutions to fill the gaps, often leaving them short-staffed in popular programs. In a world of work-from-anywhere, why not be the country with the best schools and be the country training people worldwide?

Education References

Badillo J., Londino-Smolar, G., & Savvides, P. (2020, August 14). 7 things you should know about virtual labs. Educause Learning Initiative. https://library.educause.edu/resources/2020/8/7-things-you-should-know-about-virtual-labs

Debroy, A. (2017, September 19). 5 schools that are making the most of AR and VR. EdTechRevew. https://www.edtechreview.in/trends-insights/trends/5-schools-that-are-making-the-most-of-ar-vr/

Gee, J. P. (2003). What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy. Computers in Entertainment. 1(1).

Thomas, A. (2021, September 6). 5 reasons video games should be more widely used in schools. Texas A&M Today. https://today.tamu.edu/2021/09/06/5-reasons-video-games-should-be-more-widely-used-in-school/

Toppo, G. (2015). The game believes in you: How digital play can make our kids smarter. St. Martin's Press.

Zirawaga, V. S., Adeleye, I. O., & Tinovimbanashe, M. (2017). Gaming in education: Using games as a support tool to teach history. Journal of Education and Practice. 8(15). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1143830.pdf

Customer Service

How many of you find that current customer service leaves much to be desired? Do you find chatbots helpful or even human-like? How often have you been stuck with broken or useless merchandise and no forwarding address for returns or return help? How many times have you come up against a company with no obvious helpline for dealing with customer problems?

I wanted to explore what is happening in an industry sector that is very people-oriented but that is becoming increasingly automated, a sector that hires thousands of workers each year and is incredibly important to the business world. Most importantly, I wanted to see how the 4IR is impacting this sector and if we will continue to see even more emphasis on technology and less and less on human interaction.

The good news is that while future trends in customer service are utilizing more areas of 4IR technology and technology in general, the new focus is on more personalized and interactive service. The trends we will examine today include artificial intelligence (AI), increased social media interaction, blockchain, AR, webinars, and video conferencing, which all add a more immediate and personal touch to current customer service.

SentiSum is a UK company that has created a customer service platform that allows their clients to use AI in a way that will greatly enhance the customer service experience. According to their research, customers are looking for three key qualities for excellent customer care:

·        accessibility (could they get an agent on the phone?)

·        responsiveness (did an agent even respond?)

·        empathetic (friendly, useful agents who get the problem resolved quickly) (Goodey, n.d.)

From a career development perspective, I appreciate that SentiSum is a company that truly understands that good customer service adds value to business. They acknowledge that current customer service careers are viewed as short-term, with employees considered to be highly dispensable. They also call out companies that put no money into customer service, hire low-skilled workers, pay them minimal wages, and provide them with little to no training to help them do their jobs well. They see this mindset as detrimental to good business and a way of eventually losing your business all together.

Tran (2022) agrees, saying that companies that view customer service as a competitive advantage versus a cost centre will come out on top. Redbord (2021) states that the trend in customer service is away from strictly customer support and more towards customer service, and more importantly, customer success, where companies work with clients to build the best products and services, and therefore the best companies.

SentiSum believes companies should be focused on just that, and it is exactly what their platform promotes. Goodey (n.d.) states that SentiSum sees the following changes happening in the next three to five years:

·        a shift from a “cost centre” to a “growth centre”

·        customer service directors focusing on leadership and innovation

·        customer service becoming a strategic partner of marketing, sales, and product development, leading initiatives that improve overall company profits

·        customer service leaders taking on a strategic role at the executive table

·        performance metrics changing from number of interactions resolved to number of customers retained

·        careers in customer service becoming a valued position, and graduates desiring more education in customer interactions

·        companies viewing each customer interaction as an opportunity to learn, build relationships, and grow profits, all deserving of a well-trained, human touch

Redbord (2021) adds that the call centres of today will be replaced more and more by customer service reps who can work from anywhere with simple smartphone technology.

SentiSum believes that examining each interaction with a customer is an opportunity to learn about customer dissatisfaction and to make the appropriate changes. These interactions deserve more than frustrating chatbot conversations. Redbord (2021) agrees, stating that front-line customer service reps will spend less time doing customer support and more time interacting with customers to discover ways to improve products and services, thus creating a collaborative environment between customers and companies.

Tran (2022) discusses how companies are exploring the use of better AI facial-recognition software by companies such as Affectiva to better understand human reactions, but he again addresses how customers do not want awkward interactions when dealing with their problems. Customer service directors know that human interaction is paramount in working with customers and are moving away from smiley-face customer reporting and towards better face-to-face client interactions.

Tran (2022) states that companies such as Help Scout will be using AI to better understand customers, will use customer data to be ready to work with clients experiencing more complex problems, and may even have previous video chats available for customer service representatives to follow up with clients in a more knowledgeable way.

Tran (2022) also talked with Jamie Edwards, co-founder at Kayako, who believes "the future of customer service is unification and personalization: Bringing together everything we know about the customer to personalize the customer support experience" (Tran, 2022). AI, and the collection of data on each customer, will allow customer service—both bot and human—to develop personalized customer service in a way that fits for each customer. Redbord (2021) agrees, discussing the need for all departments of the company to be on top of their data and analyzing what it means to the company. SentiSum maintains that companies will need to provide several quick and interactive responses to customer concerns, whether it is to provide informational webinars, talk face-to-face on video calls, or use video emails (Goodey, n.d.). Customer service representatives will be empowered to work directly with clients to resolve problems, such as Ritz Carleton customer service employees who can provide customers up to $2,000 worth of compensation without supervisor approval, making client interactions smoother and faster (Goodey, n.d.).

Redbord (2021) agrees with the need to be more responsive. This starts with the use of more direct communication media, such as video voice mailing and video conferencing, recommending that, when possible, companies should be meeting with customers face-to-face. Another way this will happen in the future is with the use of AR. Customer service reps will use this technology to help customers learn to use new products and services.

Redbord (2021) discusses this point further, recommending that companies need to start using omni-channel communication with customers versus multi-channel communication. Multi-channel communication provides customers with a number of possible channels to communicate with customer service representatives. Omni-channel communication connects all media to each other so that no matter where a customer starts to engage with service representatives within the company, they can be moved to other media seamlessly. This is done with a help desk acting as a central inbox for all incoming inquiries. If a client first engages with the company through social media, they can be moved to the website help desk without even realizing the change has happened. This means that customers do not have to exit one medium to join another, wasting a lot of time and frustrating the customer. The more this happens, customers will start to expect this level of service from other companies.

To add to this, Tran (2022) discusses how customers expectations will drive improved services due to their interactions with competitor companies. If Amazon has created an effortless return program, then customers expect that experience from other vendors, creating better customer service practices overall and making all company customer service centres up their game.

Tran (2022) also interviewed customer service speaker and author Shep Hyken, who shared the influence that technology will have on customer service. Hyken discusses how social media gives customers a direct line to businesses, allowing customers to interact and comment, and like or dislike companies that they follow. Companies not interacting with clients will lose business. This direct engagement is an opportunity for businesses to be more responsive to customer concerns. Hyken also shares how better use of AI will make companies more responsive to clients, getting more accurate information to their specific questions.

Redbord (2021) tells us that customers will not only want to have a direct line to businesses and be able to engage with them but will also want to do it all in real time, mainly through chat. Email would still be used, but more for forwarding documents and other attachments. More importantly, with customers using social media to connect with companies and to criticize them, companies need a plan to deal with negative customer comments on social media. Not responding quickly to customer complaints can result in long-term damage to the company image, especially if the customer has lots of followers. As peers are likely to believe their friends comments, companies risk losing not just one customer but potentially hundreds.

Redbord (2021) also maintains that AI and bots are here to stay but will focus on the highly repetitive part of customer service, roughly 95% of all customer service calls, allowing people to respond to cases where more specific care is needed in working with customers. Redbord also states that this use of more AI will lead to the need for more personalized training of customer service employees. As more analytics are used, both the employee and the customer will need more specialized individual care; thus, employees will need more specialized training to respond to these individual needs.

Redbord (2021) further states:

Another role that will become popular is specialists. With more customer service mediums, reps will need to have specialized skills and knowledge if they want to provide adequate support. This will lead to reps dedicating themselves to individual channels so they can learn all of the intricacies they'll need to be successful. Some roles that we can expect to see are chat specialists, social media specialists, and onboarding specialists.

Redbord (2021) also discusses how blockchain will be incorporated more and more into customer service systems. While it will appear to customers to be pretty much the same as current payments methods, blockchain will be used more in smart contract interactions versus simple payments, reducing the number of disagreements between companies and customers.

As more companies move towards self service, they will need fewer customer service employees. However, companies will need people to provide customers with easy-to-use systems and product information. What does this look like? FAQ pages, but it may include tutorials or video webinars on how to put items together or use certain features. Redbord (2021) states that self serve will only continue to grow, and that companies who respond to client needs will flourish:

When you think about the inbound service framework we're building, customer support is about engaging with customers reactively, customer service is about guiding them with new suggestions and added value, and customer success is about helping customers grow, and can provide infinite additional value for both the customer and their own company.

Customer Service References:

Goodey, B. (n.d.) The future of customer service: emerging trends & innovations (2021-2026). SentiSum. https://www.sentisum.com/library/the-future-of-customer-service-trends

Redbord, M. (2021, June 9). 14 ways technology will affect the future of customer service. https://blog.hubspot.com/service/customer-service-technology

Tran, S. (2022, June 20). The future of customer service: 10 trends to watch. https://www.helpscout.com/helpu/future-of-customer-support/

Transportation: Planes, Trains, and Automobiles

Planes: The future of Aviation

The year was 1980, the year David and I got married. We went to Victoria for our honeymoon. It was the first flight either of us had ever taken. Three months later, my company sent me to San Francisco for a conference. I was ecstatic and asked David to come and join me. My reasoning: This would be a trip of a lifetime! Really, how often would we get a chance to fly somewhere in the world?

We laugh a lot about our “trip of a lifetime,” as we have been to San Francisco at least four or five times since and have done quite a bit of travel within North America. But air travel back then was not as common as it is now and certainly not for us or our families. People did not travel by plane then the way they do now, and that is the point of this story. Aviation is a growing field, and world travel is getting more common, not less.

What’s new in aviation? According to the Aviation Industry Growth Forecast for 2021 to 2040, created by World Aviation Flight Academy (2023), “over the next 20 years, Airbus forecasts significant growth in air transport demand worldwide, generating a need for 39,000 new commercial aircraft and freighters.” Roughly 29,000 of these will be small aircraft. This will be due to:

·        Retirement and replacement of older aircraft to meet the industry’s CO2 emission reduction targets.

·        Demand for air travel will continue to grow, driven by GDP, a growing middle class, and a desire to explore and connect globally.

·        Continuous improvements will be steadily consolidated, including fleet efficiency, continued technological improvements in propulsion systems, and the use of sustainable fuels to achieve the industry’s net zero target by 2050.

·        This will generate an unprecedented demand for more than 550,000 new pilots and more than 710,000 highly skilled technicians and engineers over the next 20 years (World Aviation Flight Academy, 2023).

It is estimated that aviation worldwide supports 90 million jobs and contributes to 3% GDP (World Aviation Flight Academy, 2023).

The forecast further states that Airbus estimates that we will be back to pre-COVID travel between 2023 and 2025. This expected growth in the aviation industry will continue to create demand for workers in the industry worldwide. We will need business aviation services, including maintenance, training for both service personnel and flight crews, and upgrades and flight operations. The numbers are almost staggering. We will need an estimated 612,000 pilots, 650 maintenance technicians and engineers, and almost 900,000 new cabin crew to support global commercial fleets over the next 20 years. In North America alone we will need a total of 432,000 people in aviation services over the next 20 years, including pilots, maintenance, and cabin crew (World Aviation Flight Academy, 2023).

The worldwide pilot shortage was made even worse by COVID. Some new pilots who lost their jobs at the beginning of the pandemic left for other jobs, and some older pilots took early retirement packages. The industry is working with cadet programs to find recruits, and some aviation associations are helping pay for pilot training.

Other sources offer additional estimates, sometimes differing in numbers but not the overall trend for the field of aviation. A EUROCONTROL report from 2014 further supports the argument, noting a shortfall in Europe’s ability to meet demand. The report says the most likely scenario is that 1.9 million flights will go unaccommodated by 2035, the equivalent of 120 million people being unable to take a return trip. And each trip that cannot be accommodated has an economic cost (Newton, 2015).

IATA’s Director General Tony Tyler sums it up, “Everybody wants to fly, but it seems that nobody wants an airport. It’s a conundrum that we need to overcome” . . .

“It is an exciting prospect to think that in the next 20 years more than twice as many passengers as today will have the chance to fly” . . .

“Air connectivity on this scale will help transform economic opportunities for millions of people. At present, aviation helps sustain $2.4 trillion in economic activity. By 2035, we can expect aviation to be supporting 105 million jobs and $6 trillion in gross domestic product (GDP).” (Newton, 2015)

With increased demand for air travel and expected increase of 39,000 airplanes, it only makes sense that airport expansion will be a part of future trends.

According to an article in Airport Technology, 71 airport construction projects broke ground in 2022 with an estimated value of $50 billion USD (Nilson, 2023). Of the ten top airport construction projects, five were in Asia.

Some examples include:

–  Pudong – Shanghai Terminal 3 expansion worth $15.7 billion is the world’s largest project for 2022.

–  JFK – At $9.5 billion, this is the second largest 2022 airport construction project.

–  Ethiopia Airport in Bishoftu is the third largest project; it is a new airport and will handle 100 million passengers a year.

–  Dominican Republic – Its $2.3 billion expansion will create 20,000 direct jobs and 50,000 indirect jobs.

All this expansion will mean more construction jobs and related construction jobs such as:

·        civil engineers

·        materials specialists

·        trades

·        laborers

·        human resources

·        sales (business to business)

It also means that there will be more jobs in both aeronautical services and non-aeronautical services. Aeronautical services will include:

–  aircraft maintenance – repairing and inspections

–  aircraft construction – new and refurbished planes

–  ground handling – cleaning the planes and work on ramp

–  passenger services – security and transit

As an example, O*Net, a US career site, provides valuable information on just one job that will be needed in the upcoming future. It lists aircraft cargo handling supervisor as a bright future job, one that will experience growth in the coming years. There are currently 8,900 positions with an estimated increase of 1,200 positions in US, with a salary of $53,000 year. What is important to note is that roughly 60% of people currently holding this job have only high school education, allowing for lesser educated clients to have a good paying job. 

Non-aeronautical jobs will include baggage handling, car rental, car parking, food and beverage, retail, and hotel staff. 

In Canada, the Victoria International Airport recently announced a $600 million dollar expansion which will include airport terminal work, runways, and taxiways (Memon, 2023).  Victoria is Canada’s eleventh busiest airport. The expansion will happen over the next 20 years and will be completed in two 10-year projects. It will include lengthening the runways to accommodate larger planes and adding border facilities which are currently missing.

Magliocchetti (2018), a CEO for a small charter company in the Channel Islands, UK, predicts that aviation will change in the following ways over the next few years:

·        new airplane design – using 3D printing to create more efficient planes with less drag

·        automated aircraft inspections – using AI and robots

·        airport security – using apps for security, similar to airline check-in

·        augmented reality pilots – using AR in the cockpit to help pilot with the controls

·        AI pilot assistance – using AI more and more with controls in the cockpit

·        making flying more fuel efficient – creating more fuel-efficient engines

·        electric and hybrid engines – making airplane travel more environmentally friendly (Note: electric planes are currently often not as viable because of limited distance capabilities)

·        using data to reduce costs – knowing how many people are flying to where to better manage airplane size and crew requirements

·        more choice of airports – using more local airports, leading to more expansion at smaller city airports

·        getting exactly where you want to go – travelling seamlessly from door to door

One last reminder that innovation is continuing to happen as people try to address industry problems: In this case, how do we create airplanes that use less fuel? A company called Otto Aviation (n.d.) has reinvented the private airplane to make it more fuel efficient. Their plane goes 450 miles per hour, can go distances of 4,500 miles and uses only 18 to 25 miles per gallon. It uses far less fuel than similar size planes, which can use 55 miles per gallon or more (Challenge Jet Charter, 2022); in fact, its gas mileage is more like that of many cars.

Before we leave the field of aviation, I will take you back to my story of when I was first married. Airline travel was common, but not as much as it is today. Just as my husband and I felt like our trip to San Francisco was a once in a lifetime opportunity, our grandchildren may view a flight to a space station the same way. Let’s take a quick look at a field that is growing and taking people to places never dreamed of before and an industry with lots of work yet to be done.

Space Tourism

The Bank of American Merrill Lynch has now joined Morgan Stanley and is backing the aerospace industry; but while Morgan Stanley predicts the space industry will be worth $1.1 trillion by 2040, Bank of American Merrill Lynch is predicting it will be almost triple that at $2.7 trillion (Sheetz, 2017). What are some of the reasons for this belief in the future of space?

·        80 plus countries currently have satellites in space.

·        USA has invested $16 billion in space start-ups alone.

·        The next 20 years will see more advancements than ever before in our world history.

·        560 people have now been to space and the number is growing every year.

·        16 of the world’s billionaires have invested in 500+ space projects.

·        The estimated worth of the Mars/Jupiter asteroid belt is $700 quintillion (2017).

What is happening in space tourism? Let’s look at a few companies involved in the growing space tourism industry.

Space X – Space X (n.d.) plans to run space missions to Earth’s orbit, the International Space Station, the Moon, and Mars. The largest of these will be missions to the Moon, with flight capacity of 12 people per trip.

Artemis Project – For those of you who have been following the Artemis project (NASA n.d.), you know that it is well underway, and that a Moon base and a gateway to deep space are getting closer to being a reality. This is a joint project between NASA and private space companies that will use the Orion spacecraft to take people to the gateway.

Blue Origin – As of August 22, 2022, Blue Origin (2022) has completed its sixth human spaceflight and 22nd flight for the Shepard program. In over a year, they have flown 31 people over the Kármán line, the boundary between the Earth’s atmosphere and outer space.

Axiom Space – Axiom Space, a company you may not have heard of states:

Our team has been involved with every ISS mission since the program’s inception.

We are making the possibilities of Low Earth Orbit accessible to visionary governments, researchers, manufacturers, and individuals. Because we believe microgravity is the most promising environment for innovation and problem-solving since the Internet (Axiom Space, 2023). 

By understanding the vision of aerospace companies, we can better understand why this industry is much more than a few satellites and rockets. Axiom Space believes:

In the weightless splendor of Earth’s orbit, research has led to discoveries in medicine, materials, and manufacturing previously kept hidden by gravity. Countries have formed bonds that fly above geopolitics. Humans have learned how to live and work in space as a precursor to a future out amidst the Solar System. Astronauts have returned with a transpersonal revelation on the nature of our interdependence with our home, and with each other (Axiom Space, 2023b).

Axiom is building the first commercial space station (Axiom Space, 2023c). Due to launch in 2025, it will attach to the international space station and provide a place for more research to be carried out. Axiom Space has also completed Axiom mission 1, and mission 2 is planned for some time this year. These missions are the first all-private astronaut missions to the international space station. This work demonstrates the shift towards a commute to space as a future workplace. They designed their astronaut quarters with views of planet Earth in mind, demonstrating the shift from utilitarian design to habitation design.

Virgin Galactic – On November 3, 2022, Virgin Galactic Holdings (Virgin Galactic, 2022) announced an agreement with Axiom Space to support a microgravity research and training mission. They will be preparing an Axiom astronaut for an upcoming flight to space. A company that has struggled these last couple of years now seems to be in a great position to offer more opportunities for space and science research and has set aside 10% of its first 1,000 seats for space research.

If you are familiar with my articles, you will know that there is much happening in the world of aerospace. Let’s head back down to Earth and look at another area of transportation that is rapidly growing worldwide.

Trains

While trains have been around for hundreds of years, bullet trains have not, but their popularity is growing as countries looking to reach net zero. The three fastest trains in the world are:

·        Shanghai Maglev, China (460 kph) 

·        Cr400 Fuxing, China (350 kph)

·        ICE 3, Germany (330 kph) (Jones, 2022).

To give you a sense of just how fast these trains travel, if we took the Maglev train from Calgary to Winnipeg, the whole trip would take less than four hours. Train travel has many advantages over airline travel and has been gaining traction in countries worldwide. The most obvious advantage is that it takes far less fuel to transport hundreds of people by train rather than by airplane. For shorter runs, it becomes especially fuel efficient. Train travel can also be far less expensive for users and can also provide more seamless travel door to door.

As countries decide the best way to transport their people from place to place, new infrastructure will be needed, and this means more work in engineering and construction. To give you an idea of some of the more advanced projects countries have been involved in over the last few years, take some time to explore these megaprojects:

·        Japan – 55 km under sea high speed train tunnel

·        Europe- 57 km Swiss train and auto tunnel

·        China – extensive high-speed rail network

Projects like these can be found on the B1M YouTube channel (The B1M, n.d.). In one of their YouTube episodes, they discuss the expansion of high-speed rail lines in China (The B1M, 2021). They discuss how the USA has barely 100 km of high-speed rail track while China has laid 30,000 km of high-speed rail track in last 5 years, with the plan to have completed 70,000 km of track within the next 5 years. The USA will soon have another track in California but is still well behind China, Japan, and most European countries when it comes to high speech train travel.

Lastly, we cannot leave the area of high-speed trains without mentioning the Hyperloop Technology. This is a technology is being promoted by Virgin, Elon Musk and DGWHyperloop. They did manage to complete a test run of this giant tube that allows special cars to reach speeds of 600 mph (1,300 km/hr.). While not proving practical yet, I do see instances where this technology may be implemented in the future, especially as cheaper boring and tunnelling technology becomes available.

Three other projects that bear mentioning are the Fehmarnbelt Tunnel, the Norway E39 tunnel and the Norway Stad Ship Tunnel. The Fehmarnbelt Tunnel will run under the Baltic Sea and is due to be completed in 2029. It is an amazing feat of engineering, with a giant manufacturing site on the Danish side. In this building, they will construct 89 massive concrete sections that will be placed on a flat bed on the bottom of the Baltic Sea.

The Norway E39 is a superhighway that will run from Oslo to Trondheim and will include underwater tunnels, miles of land tunnels, and record-breaking bridges. The Norway Stad Ship Tunnel is a cruise ship tunnel that will run for 1.7 km through a mountain and will greatly reduce travel time around the outer edges of the country and will allow ships to bypass a very rough patch of sea.

Automobiles

Will we ever have flying cars? We are certainly now one step closer with China’s company EHang. Kharpal (2019) states in their article that China could be the first in the world to start regular flights on pilotless passenger drones. EHang is a Chinese autonomous aerial vehicle (AAV). Imagine a large drone with a one-person passenger pod sitting on top. Think this is science fiction? EHang has tested their AAV in Japan, South Korea, and the USA. What is most impressive about the company is the wide variety of uses for their vehicles. I have talked about EHang before when discussing drone technology being used in health care. EHang has large drones that can be used to bring medical equipment to accident sites, bypassing city congestion. Their drones can also be used to quickly transport bodies to hospitals for organ donation and transplant.

EHang is also developing their AAVs for passenger use within cities and for supply chain, tourism, and smart city use. Their AAVs could lead to less traffic congestion by allowing some people access to airspace above cities, allowing people to move about the city more quickly.

They are also using AAVs for a variety of deliveries. Deliveries by electric vehicles (EVs) reduce greenhouse emissions and can reduce delivery times by up to 50% over traditional delivery methods. As discussed in other presentations, they also provide medical equipment delivery. Another advantage to AAV delivery is the easy access to difficult areas such as rural areas and offshore rigs. They are also a good option for last mile delivery, using smaller vehicles to deliver the last leg of distribution.

EHang are establishing themselves, as well, in the tourist industry as a new way to explore and enjoy the great outdoors. Imagine flying over the Grand Canyon, or a national park, leaving no footprint and only taking pictures. It could also open natural areas otherwise closed to most people without the need to create roads and destroying natural habitat. It may even lead to the closing of some areas to road access and opening areas only to AAVs, expanding current habitat for some species.

Lastly, EHang has developed the EHang 216F for fighting high-rise fires. This model includes six fire-fighting projectiles, a camera, a foam sprayer, a high-pressure nozzle for the sprayer, and a laser to guide foam spraying. The model allows for one firefighter to be in the AAV and places them in a position to better assess the situation.

Where else is there work to do with cars and other vehicles? As mentioned in a previous presentation and article, asphalt pavement is the most recycled material in the USA. Considering the amount of asphalt that could be recycled, there is work that needs to be done in finding better methods to recycle this material.

Also, we cannot leave the area of transportation without discussing EVs, energy, and the environment. As ideology and practicality clash, it is important that we all have a better understanding of this important topic so that we are better prepared for how we can best find the work that needs doing, combining the need for more green energy and a way forward. It is not as simple as saying we will all drive EVs by a certain date because more critical thinking is need about the practical side of dealing with mining rare materials, the increased demand on the electric grid, and the practicality of living in a large and geographically diverse country.

Transportation: Planes, Trains, and Automobiles References

Axiom Space. (2023a). Unparalleled LEO expertise. Meet the Team. https://www.axiomspace.com/team

Axiom Space. (2023b). Why space? https://www.axiomspace.com/why-space

Axiom Space. (2023c). The world’s next breakthrough innovation platform is in orbit. https://www.axiomspace.com/axiom-station

Blue Origin. (2022, August 4). Blue origin successfully completes 22nd mission to space. News. https://www.blueorigin.com/news/ns-22-mission-updates/

Challenge Jet Charter. (2022, August 25). How much fuel does a private jet use? Blog. https://challengejetcharter.com/how-much-fuel-does-a-private-jet-use/

EHang. EHang | Autonomous Aerial Vehicle (AAV) Innovator for Urban Air Mobility (UAM)

Jones, B. (2022, December 7). Flying without wings: The world’s fastest trains. CNN Travel. https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-fastest-trains-cmd/index.html

Kharpal, A. (2019, August 28). China could be the first in the world to start regular flights on pilotless passenger drones. CNBC News. China's Ehang testing flights on autonomous passenger drones (cnbc.com)

Magliocchetti, N. (2018, March 6). 10 ways aviation may change in the future. Aircraft Interiors International.  https://www.aircraftinteriorsinternational.com/industry-opinion/aviation-may-change-near-future.html

Memon, O. (2023, March 5). What does the future hold for Victoria’s International Airport? Simple Flying. https://simpleflying.com/canada-victoria-international-airport-future-analysis/

NASA. (n.d.) Artemis. https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/Otto Aviation. (n.d.). To redefine what an aircraft could be, we started from the ground up. https://ottoaviation.com/technology

National Center for O*NET Development. O*NET OnLine. Retrieved May 9, 2023, from https://www.onetonline.org/

Newton, G. (2015, May 5). Airport expansion: Bright thinking. Airlines.IATA. https://airlines.iata.org/analysis/airport-expansion-bright-thinking

Nilson, P. (2023, February 13). The 10 most expensive airport construction projects in the year 2022. Airport Technology. https://www.airport-technology.com/features/the-10-most-expensive-airport-construction-projects-in-2022/

Sheetz, M. (2017, October 31). The space industry will be worth nearly $3 trillion in 30 years, Bank of America Predicts. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/31/the-space-industry-will-be-worth-nearly-3-trillion-in-30-years-bank-of-america-predicts.html#:~:text=The%20space%20industry%20will%20be%20worth%20nearly%20%243,BofAML%20says%2C%20are%20pushing%20the%20%E2%80%9CSpace%20Age%202.0.%E2%80%9D

Space X. (n.d.). Human spaceflight: Making life multiplanetary. https://www.spacex.com/human-spaceflight/

The B1M. (n.d.). The definitive video channel for construction. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/c/Theb1mGoogle/videos

The B1M. (March 31st, 2021). The Unstoppable Growth of China’s High Speed Rail Network,YouTube. The Unstoppable Growth of China's High-Speed Rail Network - Bing video 

Virgin Galactic. https://www.virgingalactic.com/news/virgin-galactic-signs-agreement-with-axiom-space-for-microgravity-research

World Aviation Flight Academy. (2023) Aviation industry growth forecast 2021 to 2040. https://worldaviationato.com/en/aviation-industry-growth-forecast-2021-2040/

The Tension between Environment and Industry

It is imperative that we examine the growing tension between environmental ideology and the practical “how do we make this work” side of industry. This tension is creating a huge rift between people not only in our country but also in countries around the world. How can we move forward and build our economy when we are in such opposition to each other?

It is important to understand that most of us would like a better future for our children, we are concerned about the future of the planet. Those who may appear to be anti-environment are often the people who are working on the “how do we actually do this?” side of the equation, and they are also frustrated.

This tension is destroying our ability to work collaboratively to create a productive and functioning society. This brings us back full circle to knowing what information we need to do the work that needs doing. To work together, we all need a basic understanding of the importance of industry and how the different industries make our world a better place. We all need to understand the trends that are impacting industry and how these trends impact us and how we live. We need a better understanding of how trends impact the economy and to better understand the economy, we need better business, math, and financial literacy skills. Lastly, we need to at least understand the basics of the global economy and that our country does not act in a vacuum.

How else can we understand the work that needs to be done? How else, as contributing members of society and of the workforce, can we do the best job possible? How else can we be successful global workers if we do not understand international trade and how it impacts all of us in our daily lives?

Which brings us back to our earlier discussion on transportation: We can want to convert totally to EVs by a certain date, but what does that mean behind the scenes to make it all happen? What is the work that needs to be done? Where will the jobs of the future be?

I have put together several questions for all of us to consider and have also provided links to articles to broaden our views and come together to work collaboratively to build a growing and prosperous country. We might do this by using EVs in certain parts of the country but maybe using hybrids in other parts. Which industry do we prepare ourselves to work in?

Do we have enough lithium and other rare minerals to meet the demand of EVs and the growing green energy sector? See articles Electric vehicle demand – has the world got enough lithium?  (Shine, (2022) and 'We don’t have enough' lithium globally to meet EV targets, mining CEO says (Fujita, 2022).

By increasing wind energy, which uses steel for its towers, will we be adding to climate change, especially since India and China are by far the largest producers of steel? See these articles for issues around steel production and which countries are the world’s largest steel producers: Steel and climate change - things you might not know (ING, 2021) and World steel in figures 2022 (World Steel Association, 2022).

Are hybrids a better choice for colder areas of the country as EVs function less efficiently in cold weather? See this article for one man’s experience with his EV and cold weather: Tesla owner says he was stranded as his car wouldn't charge in the cold (Tabahriti, 2022). Perhaps hybrid vehicles would make more sense in certain parts of Canada. Do we create jobs in EV's or hybrids?

Have we considered safety issues for women and their EVs? See these articles: EV charging operators need to take women’s safety seriously (Crider, 2022) and Safety and security at charging stations are a major concern for women (EV Love, 2022).

How much land is needed and used for each energy source? See this article for how much land is expected to be used to get to a zero carbon economy in the USA: Green energy in America needs a lot more land (Merrill, 2021). Will the work of the future be in the area of solar and wind or in geothermal and small nuclear reactors?

We need to recognize that the demand for oil and gas will still be high as we all transition to other fuel sources. In previous articles, I have discussed our growing demand for energy brought on by the 4IR. See the following article on how this is already creating issues with energy demands: B.C. crypto mining electricity connections suspended due to 'massive' consumption (CTV News, 2022).

It is not simple to switch completely to solar and wind: we will need a wide variety of energy sources to meet demand, including nuclear, geothermal, hydrogen fuel cells and much later in the future, fusion. As I have stated before, there is much work to be done in the energy industry sector, especially in building up the infrastructure. We will need electrical engineers and power engineers.

We have already discussed the growth of the aerospace industry, and this industry still relies heavily on oil and gas for its rocket launches, potentially keeping demand high for several years.

The war in the Ukraine and the desire for other countries to reduce dependence on Russian fuel has led to two world leaders, Germany, and Japan, asking for oil and gas from Canada. Both were turned down in a time of great energy need. The result? Germany signed a 15-year deal with Qatar. Canada’s refusal didn’t stop the need for oil and gas; the demand simply went elsewhere. See these articles on Canadian relations with other countries requesting oil and gas: Snubbed by Canada, Germany turns to Qatar for its gas (Hopper, 2022) and With 'true friends' like Canada, Japan doesn't need enemies (Higgins, 2023).

This tension between the environment and industry is causing discord in our country. Understanding a world view will help put this issue into perspective. While we protest the construction of pipelines in Canada, most people are unaware of Russia’s plans for the North: its claim to the land under the Arctic Ocean, the development of five new major cities, an extensive new fleet of arctic ships, and the huge expansion of the northern sea route carrying goods worldwide by way of the Arctic Ocean. For me, this is an example of people being unaware of what is happening outside their immediate environment. Most Canadians are unaware that if even if we shut down oil and gas production in Canada, other countries will simply fill the supply. See the following articles: Russia extends its claim to the Arctic Ocean seabed (Arctic Today, 2021), Infrastructure in Russia’s Arctic: Environmental impact and considerations (Rotnem, 2021) and Russia’s coercive diplomacy in the Arctic (The Arctic Institute, 2021).

Even our neighbors to the south are sending conflicting messages concerning the oil and gas industry and the environment. Biden's first call to action was to shut down further construction of the Keystone pipeline, however, they too are adding to the Russian expansion in the Artic. The US announced that the Willow Project is a go. The US will drill up to 219 wells in Alaska, after shutting down the Keystone project. Are these really environmental issues or are they political or economic issues?

Having a better understanding of these global issues helps us see that industries are all interconnected. For example, when we talk about the work that needs to be done, Canada as a country has much work that needs to be done in the military to protect our land and resources in the North. It needs people in leadership positions who can create effectively run organizations. We are a large country, and we need to be able to be able to defend ourselves in the Arctic and protect our resources. We depend far too much on the USA for military assistance. It is easy to forget we are Russia’s northern neighbour. See the following articles for Russia dominance in the Arctic: Russia in the Arctic—A Critical Examination (Rumer et al., 2021) and Russia’s Reimagined Arctic in the Age of Geopolitical Competition (Ahmad & Zafar, 2022). See also this article on Canada’s need to upgrade military: Ukraine war has exposed gaps in Canadian army’s battlefield capabilities (Berthiaume, 2022).

If we claim that the environment is important and the north is important, then why do we hear almost nothing about northern development by other countries? If oil and gas is no longer an important resource or in high demand, why are other countries continuing to develop this resource?

By failing to see both perspectives, the concerns of environmentalists and the need for industry to get work done, we are at cross purposes. Both the environment and industry deserve respect. An example of a company that I love but have an issue with because of their lack of industry acknowledgement is Patagonia. Patagonia is a company that prides itself on being environmental, but dismisses how the oil and gas industry not only provides the major materials used in their goods and services but is also responsible for shipping their goods and services around the world. See the following articles: Patagonia and Petroleum (Green, 2019) and Patagonia cheers Keystone XL shutdown despite petroleum-heavy product line (Richardson, 2021).

If you are familiar with my previous work, you know that I am excited for more biophilic cities and buildings, the use of biotechnology in wastewater treatment plants, the need for more vertical farming, the use of desalination plants in agriculture, and a move towards a positive and productive greener future for all. I like this article in the National Post, which says it is time to become builders again, Opinion: Canada needs a massive rebuild — in infrastructure, products, people and ideas (Greenspon & Speer, 2022).

We can only become builders if we understand industry, the economy and international trade. We cannot be good decision makers without this knowledge. Look around. There is lots of work that needs doing, and it’s time to start doing it. The jobs and economic growth will follow.

The Tension between Environment and Industry references

Ahmad, S. & Zafar, M. A. (2022). Russia’s reimagined arctic in the age of geopolitical competition. Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs. Air University Press. https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/2959221/russias-reimagined-arctic-in-the-age-of-geopolitical-competition/

Berthiaume, L. (2022, December 29). Ukraine war has exposed gaps in Canadian army’s battlefield capabilities: general. National Post. https://nationalpost.com/news/Ukrain/Ukraine-war-has-exposed-gaps-in-canadian-armys-battlefield-capabilities-general

Breum, M. (2021, April 4). Russia extends its claim to the Arctic Ocean seabed. Arctic Today. https://www.arctictoday.com/ ussia-extends-its-claim-to-the-arctic-ocean-seabed/?wallit_nosession=1

Crider, J. (2022, February 2). EV charging operators need to take women’s safety seriously. CleanTechnica. https://cleantechnica.com/2022/02/02/ev-charging-operators-need-to-take-womens-safety-seriously/

CTV News. (2022, December 22). B.C. halts electricity connections for crypto mining, citing ‘massive’ consumption. https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/b-c-halts-electricity-connections-for-crypto-mining-citing-massive-consumption-1.6205530

Daly, M. and Megerian, C. (2023, March 13). Biden administration approves Willow oil drilling project in Alaska despite protest. CBC News. Biden adminhttps://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/willow-oil-alaska-project-approved-1.6777234

EV Love. (2022, September 25). Safety and security at charging stations are a major concern for women. https://electricvehiclelove.com/2022/09/25/safety-and-security-at-charging-stations-are-a-major-concern-for-women/

Fujita, A. (2022, September 5). ‘We don’t have enough’ lithium globally to meet EV targets, mining CEO says. Yahoo Finance. https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/lithium-supply-ev-targets-miner-181513161.html

Green, M. (2021, April 16). Patagonia and petroleum. American Petroleum Institute. https://www.api.org/news-policy-and-issues/blog/2019/04/16/patagonia-and-petroleum

Greenspon, E. & Speer, S. (2022, November 2). Opinion: Canada needs a massive rebuild – in infrastructure, products, people and ideas. National Post. https://nationalpost.com/opinion/opinion-canada-needs-a-massive-rebuild-in-infrastructure-products-people-and-ideas

Higgins, M. (2023, January 17). Michael Higgins: With ‘true friends’ like Canada, Japan doesn’t need enemies. National Post. https://nationalpost.com/opinion/with-friends-like-canada-japan-doesn’t-need-enemies

Hopper, T. (2022, December 2). Snubbed by Canada, Germany goes all-in with autocratic Qatar for its gas. National Post. https://nationalpost.com/news/Canada/Canada-germany-qatar-gas

Jordan, J. (2021, July 6). Russia’s coercive diplomacy in the Arctic. The Arctic Institute. https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/russia-coercive-diplomacy-arctic/

Merrill, D. (2021, June 3). The U.S. will need a lot of land for a zero-carbon economy. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2021-energy-land-use-economy/

Richardson, V. (2021, June 10). Patagonia cheers Keystone XL demise, despite petroleum-heavy product line. The Washington Times. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/jun/10/Patagonia-cheers-keystone-xl-shutdown-despite-petr/

Rotnem, T. (2021). Infrastructure in Russia’s Arctic: Environmental Impact and Considerations. Kennan Cable. The Wilson Center. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/uploads/documents/KI_211026_Cable%2073_V3.pdf

Rumer, E., Sokolsky, R., & Stronski, P. (2021, March 29). Russia in the Arctic—A critical examination. Carnegie Endowment for international Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/03/29/russia-in-arctic-critical-examination-pub-84181

Shine, I. (2022, July 20). The world needs 2 billion electric vehicles to get to net zero. But is there enough lithium to make all the batteries? World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/electric-vehicles-world-enough-lithium-resources/

Tabahriti, S. (2022, December 25). A Tesla owner says his car wouldn’t charge in freezing temperatures, leaving him stranded on Christmas Eve. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-owner-stranded-christmas-eve-car-wouldnt-charge-in-cold-2022-12?utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=sf-bi-ti&utm_medium=social&fbclid=IwAR3xlQ7pXaws1x0tCwgd4JW_f1bdBgfhq6b-6hG2QR1j39fnVe54rnHpCCA

World Steel Association. (2022). World steel in figures 2022). https://worldsteel.org/steel-topics/statistics/world-steel-in-figures-2022/