Dr. Robin J. Malloy’s Post

Part 4: Criticisms of Utilitarianism It has been argued that measuring and comparing happiness among different people is impossible, not only in practice, but even in principle. Defenders argue that the same problem is successfully overcome in everyday life, and that rough estimates are usually sufficient. Another dilemma of Utilitarianism is that the pleasure of a sadist should have the same importance as the pleasure of an altruist, although proponents have countered that sadists are relatively few and so their effective influence would be minimal, and that the hurt suffered by others would counterbalance any pleasure registered by the sadist. Furthermore, the sadist's pleasure is superficial and temporary, thus it is detrimental to the sadist's long term well-being. Another argument is that sometimes a long time is needed to weigh all the evidence and reach a definite conclusion on the relative costs and benefits of an action. Utilitarians admit that certain knowledge of consequences is sometimes impossible, but argue that best estimates of the consequences or predictions based on the past are usually sufficient. Quelle: Philosophy — Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Nietzsche #Gesundheit #Bildung #Fuehrung #Coaching #Mindset #Motivation #Gehirn #Neuroscience #Psychologie #Persoenlichkeitsentwicklung #Kindheit #KeyNoteSpeaker #Humangenetik #Biochemie #Neuroleadership #Ernaehrung #Transformation #Stress #Demografie #Gender #Age #interkulturelleKompetenz #Epigenetik #Veraenderung #EmotionaleIntelligenz #Change #Gesellschaft #Organisationsentwicklung #Philosophie #Beratung # Quantum

Part 6: Motive Utilitarianism states that our initial moral task is to inculcate motives within ourselves (by means of teaching and repetition) that will be generally useful across the spectrum of the actual situations we are likely to encounter, rather than hypothetical examples which are unlikely to occur. It can be thought of as a hybrid between Act and Rule Utilitarianism, but it also attempts to take into account how human beings actually function psychologically. Total Utilitarianism advocates measuring the utility of a population based on the total utility of its members. However, it has been argued that this leads to a "repugnant conclusion", in which an enormous population whose individual lives are barely worth living is considered preferable to a smaller population with good lives. Average Utilitarianism advocates measuring the utility of a population based on the average utility of that population. The drawback here is known as the "mere addition paradox", where bringing a moderately happy person in a very happy world would be seen as an immoral act, or the logical implication that it would be a moral good to eliminate all people whose happiness is below average, as this would raise the average happiness. Quelle: Philosophy — Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Nietzsche #Gesundheit #Bildung #Fuehrung #Coaching #Mindset #Motivation #Gehirn #Neuroscience #Psychologie #Persoenlichkeitsentwicklung #Kindheit #KeyNoteSpeaker #Humangenetik #Biochemie #Neuroleadership #Ernaehrung #Transformation #Stress #Demografie #Gender #Age #interkulturelleKompetenz #Epigenetik #Veraenderung #EmotionaleIntelligenz #Change #Gesellschaft #Organisationsentwicklung #Philosophie #Beratung # Quantum

Part 2: Token Identity Theory, which holds that particular instances of mental states are identical to particular instances of physical states of the brain. Functionalism, which holds that mental states (beliefs, desires, being in pain, etc.) are constituted solely by their functional role and can be characterized in terms of non-mental functional properties. Non-Reductive Physicalism, which argues that, although the brain is all there is to the mind, the predicates and vocabulary used in mental descriptions and explanations cannot be reduced to the language and lower-level explanations of physical science. Thus, mental states supervene (depend) on physical states, and there can be no change in the mental without some change in the physical, but they are not reducible to them. There are three main types: Anomalous Monism, which states that mental events are identical with physical events, but that the mental is anomalous i.e. these mental events are not regulated by strict physical laws. Emergentism, which involves a layered view of nature, with the layers arranged in terms of increasing complexity, each corresponding to its own special science. Eliminativism (or Eliminative Materialism), which holds that people's common-sense understanding of the mind ("folk psychology") is hopelessly flawed, and will eventually be replaced (eliminated) by an alternative, usually taken to be neuroscience. Quelle: Philosophy — Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Nietzsche #Gesundheit #Bildung #Fuehrung #Coaching #Mindset #Motivation #Gehirn #Neuroscience #Psychologie #Persoenlichkeitsentwicklung #Kindheit #KeyNoteSpeaker #Humangenetik #Biochemie #Neuroleadership #Ernaehrung #Transformation #Stress #Demografie #Gender #Age #interkulturelleKompetenz #Epigenetik #Veraenderung #EmotionaleIntelligenz #Change #Gesellschaft #Organisationsentwicklung #Philosophie #Beratung # Quantum

Part 2: Although there was never an official Cynic doctrine, the fundamental principles can be summarised as: The goal of life is happiness, which is to live in agreement with Nature. Happiness depends on being self-sufficient, and a master of mental attitude. Self-sufficiency is achieved by living a life of Virtue. The road to Virtue is to free oneself from any influences (e.g. wealth, fame, power, etc) which have no value in Nature. Suffering is caused by false judgments of value, which cause negative emotions and a vicious character. The term "cynic" derives from the Greek "kunikos" (meaning "dog-like"), possibly as a pejorative reference to the first Cynics' shameless rejection of conventional manners and their decision to live on the streets. In common usage, "cynicism" means a disposition to disbelieve in the sincerity or goodness of human motives and actions, and a tendency to express this by sneers and sarcasm. Quelle: Philosophy — Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Nietzsche #Gesundheit #Bildung #Fuehrung #Coaching #Mindset #Motivation #Gehirn #Neuroscience #Psychologie #Persoenlichkeitsentwicklung #Kindheit #KeyNoteSpeaker #Humangenetik #Biochemie #Neuroleadership #Ernaehrung #Transformation #Stress #Demografie #Gender #Age #interkulturelleKompetenz #Epigenetik #Veraenderung #EmotionaleIntelligenz #Change #Gesellschaft #Organisationsentwicklung #Philosophie #Beratung # Quantum

Part 1: Dualism is the position that mind and body are in some categorical way separate from each other, and that mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical in nature. It can be traced back to Plato, Aristotle, and the Sankhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy, but it was most precisely formulated by René Descartes in the 17th Century. Descartes was the first to clearly identify the mind with consciousness and self-awareness, and to distinguish this from the brain, which was the physical seat of intelligence. Dualism appeals to the common-sense intuition of the vast majority of non-philosophically-trained people, and the mental and the physical do seem to most people to have quite different, and perhaps irreconcilable, properties. Mental events have a certain subjective quality to them (known as qualia or "the ways things seem to us"), whereas physical events do not. There are three main Dualist schools of thought: Substance Dualism (or Cartesian Dualism) argues that the mind is an independently existing substance - the mental does not have extension in space, and the material cannot think. This is the type of Dualism most famously defended by Descartes, and it is compatible with most theologies which claim that immortal souls occupy an independent "realm" of existence distinct from that of the physical world. Quelle: Philosophy — Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Nietzsche #Gesundheit #Bildung #Fuehrung #Coaching #Mindset #Motivation #Gehirn #Neuroscience #Psychologie #Persoenlichkeitsentwicklung #Kindheit #KeyNoteSpeaker #Humangenetik #Biochemie #Neuroleadership #Ernaehrung #Transformation #Stress #Demografie #Gender #Age #interkulturelleKompetenz #Epigenetik #Veraenderung #EmotionaleIntelligenz #Change #Gesellschaft #Organisationsentwicklung #Philosophie #Beratung # Quantum

☑️ *READ TEXT BELOW:* Part 3: This dualism (non-rational-disorderly-bad vs. rational-orderly-good) pervades also the sensible or physical world, since the human soul, being derivative from the world soul, has a rational and a non-rational aspect too, as the Republic proposes. In this spirit Plutarch distinguishes both in the world and in human beings three aspects, body, soul, and intellect. The soul's concern with the body gives rise to the non-rational aspect, which amounts to disorder, vice, or badness, while the co-operation between soul and intellect promotes rationality, that is, order, virtue, benevolence. In an attempt to accommodate the diverse strands of ethical thought in Plato (e.g. in the Gorgias, Protagoras, Republic, Phaedo, Theaetetus, Timaeus), Plutarch is the first Platonist to distinguish different levels of ethical life, which we could term political and theoretical respectively, depending on whether virtue pertains to the soul as organizing principle for one's daily life, or to the intellect as one's guide to knowledge of the Forms (which include virtues) and of the intelligible realm more generally Karamanolis, George, "Plutarch", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://lnkd.in/eSryzkTz #Gesundheit #Bildung #Fuehrung #Coaching #Mindset #Motivation #Gehirn #Neuroscience #Psychologie #Persoenlichkeitsentwicklung #Kindheit #KeyNoteSpeaker #Humangenetik #Biochemie #Neuroleadership #Ernaehrung #Transformation #Stress #Demografie #Gender #Age #interkulturelleKompetenz #Epigenetik #Veraenderung #EmotionaleIntelligenz #Change #Gesellschaft #Organisationsentwicklung #Philosophie #Beratung # Quantum

Part 1: Hedonism is the philosophy that pleasure is the most important pursuit of mankind, and the only thing that is good for an individual. Hedonists, therefore, strive to maximize their total pleasure (the net of any pleasure less any pain or suffering). They believe that pleasure is the only good in life, and pain is the only evil, and our life's goal should be to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Psychological Hedonism is the view that humans are psychologically constructed in such a way that we exclusively desire pleasure. Ethical Hedonism, on the other hand, is the view that our fundamental moral obligation is to maximize pleasure or happiness. It is the normative claim that we should always act so as to produce our own pleasure. Hedonism usually pre-supposes an individualist stance, and is associated with Egoism (the claim that individuals should always seek their own good in all things). Epicureanism is a more moderate approach (which still seeks to maximize happiness, but which defines happiness more as a state of tranquillity than pleasure). A similar but more altruistic approach results in Utilitarianism, the position that the moral worth of any action is determined by its contribution to overall utility in maximizing happiness or pleasure as summed among all people. Quelle: Philosophy — Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Nietzsche #Gesundheit #Bildung #Fuehrung #Coaching #Mindset #Motivation #Gehirn #Neuroscience #Psychologie #Persoenlichkeitsentwicklung #Kindheit #KeyNoteSpeaker #Humangenetik #Biochemie #Neuroleadership #Ernaehrung #Transformation #Stress #Demografie #Gender #Age #interkulturelleKompetenz #Epigenetik #Veraenderung #EmotionaleIntelligenz #Change #Gesellschaft #Organisationsentwicklung #Philosophie #Beratung # Quantum

Part 2: There are three main types of Substance Dualism: Interactionism, which allows that mental causes (such as beliefs and desires) can produce material effects, and vice-versa. Descartes believed that this interaction physically occurred in the pineal gland. Occasionalism, asserts that a material basis of interaction between the material and immaterial is impossible, and that the interactions were really caused by the intervention of God on each individual occasion. Nicholas Malebranche was the major proponent of this view. Parallelism (or Psychophysical Parallelism), holds that mental causes only have mental effects, and physical causes only have physical effects, but that God has created a pre-established harmony so that it seems as if physical and mental events (which are really monads, completely independent of each other) cause, and are caused by, one another. This unusual view was most prominently advocated by Gottfried Leibniz. Property Dualism maintains that the mind is a group of independent properties that emerge from the brain, but that it is not a distinct substance. Thus, when matter is organized in the appropriate way (i.e. in the way that living human bodies are organized), mental properties emerge. Quelle: Philosophy — Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Nietzsche #Gesundheit #Bildung #Fuehrung #Coaching #Mindset #Motivation #Gehirn #Neuroscience #Psychologie #Persoenlichkeitsentwicklung #Kindheit #KeyNoteSpeaker #Humangenetik #Biochemie #Neuroleadership #Ernaehrung #Transformation #Stress #Demografie #Gender #Age #interkulturelleKompetenz #Epigenetik #Veraenderung #EmotionaleIntelligenz #Change #Gesellschaft #Organisationsentwicklung #Philosophie #Beratung # Quantum

Part 3: Types of Subjectivism There are several different variants which can be considered under the heading of Ethical Subjectivism: Simple Subjectivism: the view (largely as described above) that ethical statements reflect sentiments, personal preferences and feelings rather than objective facts. Individualist Subjectivism: the view (originally put forward by Protagoras) that there are as many distinct scales of good and evil as there are individuals in the world. It is effectively a form of Egoism, which maintains that every human being ought to pursue what is in his or her self-interest exclusively. Moral Relativism (or Ethical Relativism): the view that for a thing to be morally right is for it to be approved of by society, leading to the conclusion that different things are right for people in different societies and different periods in history. Ideal Observer Theory: the view that what is right is determined by the attitudes that a hypothetical ideal observer (a being who is perfectly rational, imaginative and informed) would have. Adam Smith and David Hume espoused early versions of the Ideal Observer Theory, and Roderick Firth (1917 - 1987) is responsible for a more sophisticated modern version. Quelle: Philosophy — Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Nietzsche #Gesundheit #Bildung #Fuehrung #Coaching #Mindset #Motivation #Gehirn #Neuroscience #Psychologie #Persoenlichkeitsentwicklung #Kindheit #KeyNoteSpeaker #Humangenetik #Biochemie #Neuroleadership #Ernaehrung #Transformation #Stress #Demografie #Gender #Age #interkulturelleKompetenz #Epigenetik #Veraenderung #EmotionaleIntelligenz #Change #Gesellschaft #Organisationsentwicklung #Philosophie #Beratung # Quantum

☑️ *READ ABSTRACT BELOW:* Purpose: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with various aspects of morality, but their precise impact on moral decision-making remains unclear. This study aims to explore how ACEs influence moral decision-making in sacrificial dilemmas. Methods: Study 1 employed traditional dilemma analysis to quantify utilitarian responses and compare them among groups with no, low, and high ACEs. Study 2 utilized the CNI model to quantify three determinants of moral decision-making: sensitivity to consequences (C parameter), sensitivity to norms (N parameter), and general action tendencies (I parameter). Differences in these parameters among groups with no, low, and high ACEs were investigated. Results: Both Study 1 and Study 2 revealed that the high-ACE and low-ACE groups showed significantly higher utilitarian responses compared to the no-ACE group. However, no notable differences emerged between the high-ACE and low-ACE groups. Study 2 found that the N parameter was significantly lower in the high-ACE group compared to the low and no-ACE groups. Similarly, the low-ACE group exhibited significantly lower scores in the N parameter compared to the no-ACE group. Additionally, no significant differences were observed in the C and I parameters among groups with no, low, and high ACEs. Conclusion: These findings suggest that individuals with a high number of ACEs tend to exhibit more utilitarian responses, attributed to decreased affective response to the violation of moral rules, rather than increased deliberative cost-benefit reasoning or a general preference for action. Such insights deepen our understanding of the precise aspects of moral decision-making influenced by ACEs. Wu Z, Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2024 Apr 24;17:1745-1756. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S455057. PMID: 38698941; PMCID: PMC11063491. #Gesundheit #Bildung #Fuehrung #Coaching #Mindset #Motivation #Gehirn #Neuroscience #Psychologie #Persoenlichkeitsentwicklung #Kindheit #KeyNoteSpeaker #Humangenetik #Biochemie #Neuroleadership #Ernaehrung #Transformation #Stress #Demografie #Gender #Age #interkulturelleKompetenz #Epigenetik #Veraenderung #EmotionaleIntelligenz #Change #Gesellschaft #Organisationsentwicklung #Philosophie #Beratung # Quantum