#handover series #3 2. handover through S1 interface: An S1 handover is used when the X2 interface is unavailable or when the source and target eNodeBs are not directly connected. This handover involves core network elements such as the Mobility Management Entity (MME) and the Serving Gateway (SGW). Here is a detailed step-by-step explanation of the S1 handover process. 1. Handover Preparation Step 1: Handover Required The source eNodeB determines that a handover is needed based on UE measurements, load conditions, or other criteria. The source eNodeB sends a Handover Required message to the MME. This message includes the UE's context and target cell information. Step 2: Handover Request The MME processes the handover request and sends a Handover Request message to the target eNodeB. This message contains necessary information about the UE, such as security context, QoS parameters, and bearer information. Step 3: Handover Request Acknowledge The target eNodeB prepares the necessary resources for the UE and responds with a Handover Request Acknowledge message to the MME. This message includes the information the UE needs to access the target cell (e.g., target cell identifier, timing advance). Step 4: Handover Command The MME forwards the Handover Request Acknowledge message to the source eNodeB, encapsulated in a Handover Command message. The source eNodeB then sends this command to the UE, instructing it to perform the handover to the target cell. 2. Handover Execution Step 5: UE Handover The UE receives the Handover Command and starts the process of detaching from the source eNodeB. The UE synchronizes with the target eNodeB and establishes a connection. Step 6: Data Forwarding While the UE is executing the handover, the source eNodeB continues to buffer any incoming data packets for the UE. The source eNodeB forwards the buffered and any new incoming user data to the SGW. Step 7: Path Switch Request Once the UE successfully attaches to the target eNodeB, the target eNodeB sends a Path Switch Request message to the MME. The MME updates the UE context in the SGW with the new eNodeB information and sends a Modify Bearer Request to the SGW. Step 8: Path Switch Request Acknowledge The SGW updates its bearer paths to point to the target eNodeB and responds with a Modify Bearer Response to the MME. The MME sends a Path Switch Request Acknowledge message to the target eNodeB, indicating the successful completion of the bearer path switch. 3. Handover Completion Step 9: Handover Complete The UE sends a Handover Confirm message to the target eNodeB once it has successfully synchronized and attached to the target cell. The target eNodeB then notifies the MME of the successful handover by sending a Handover Complete message. Step 10: Release Resources The MME informs the source eNodeB that the handover is complete by sending a Release Resources message. The source eNodeB releases the resources previously allocated for the UE. #lte
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SOME/IP Header Format Message ID: • Message ID in SOME/IP is used to identify the method of application or event. • Message ID should be unique in the whole vehicle network. assignment of Message ID is up to the user. • Message ID contains two fields, 1. Service ID and 2. Method ID Length: Length field shall contain the length in Byte starting from Request ID/Client ID until the end of the SOME/IP message. Request ID: • The request ID is used to differentiate multiple use cases of the same method, event, getter, or setter. • Unique Request ID shall be used based on Subscriber and Provider combination. • Provider shall add this request ID in response by copying from the request. this allows subscribers to distinguish between multiple pending requests. • And the subscriber shall not use the same Request ID until a response is received and or it is no more expected to receive. • Request ID has two sub-fields 1. Client ID and 2. Session ID Client ID: Client ID is also a unique identifier used to distinguish responses from the different providers for the same Method. Session ID: • The session ID is also a unique identifier and use to differentiate the multiple calls of the same method, here provider can be the same. • Request/Response methods shall use session handling with Session IDs. Session ID should be incremented after each call. • When the Session ID reaches 0xFFFF, it will roll over and start again. subscriber has to ignore the response if the session ID of response does not match with the session ID of the request. Protocol Version: Protocol Version shall be an 8 Bit field containing the SOME/IP protocol version. Interface Version: Interface Version shall be an 8 Bit field that contains the Major Version of the Service Interface. Message Type: The Message Type field is used to differentiate different types of messages. Return Code: Return code is used to provide an indication that the request has been processed successfully or not. Payload: • In this field actual data will be transmitted, there is no fixed size for the payload field it is user/application defined. however, a maximum limit of payload data in SOME/IP depends on the transport protocol. • SOME/IP payload size with UDP is 0 to 1400 bytes. • The payload contains the data elements for events and parameters for methods. • In SOME/IP application data will be stored using serialization on the Payload field. in SOME/IP data serialization also depended on configuration parameters.
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As we know, the controller is an important part of any RAID system since it’s in charge of managing your data and ensuring its safety. This controller model supports the SAS interface, 8 ports to connect hard disks, and it’s capable of handling various RAID levels including RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 5, 6 and other. This allows you to create effective and reliable data storage arrays. RAID is a technology making it possible to unite several physical disks into a single logical data storage. It provides improved reliability and – depending on the specific level – better performance or data recovery options in case of a failure. However, in spite of all these advantages, you may sometimes encounter situations when some data needs to be recovered from a RAID system. This might happen after a hardware failure, wrong configuration or other issues. #hetmansoftware #datarecovery #Howto #RAID #LSI #3081E #Controller https://lnkd.in/dFgBME7w
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HTTP Methods and HTTP Status Codes - HTTP Methods : Action which determine what operations can be performed on a resource. -HTTP Status Codes: Three digit numbers which indicate the outcome of an HTTP request. HTTP Methods: 1) GET: - Action: Retrieves data from a specified resource - HTTP Codes: - 200 OK: Succeeded, and the requested data is returned - 404 Not Found: Resource could not be found - 401 Unauthorized: Authentication required 2) POST: - Action: Submits data to be processed to be a specified resource. - HTTP Codes: - 201 Created: Fulfilled, and a new resource is created - 400 Bad Request: Unprocessed due to a client error - 500 Internal Server Error: Server-side error occurred 3) PUT: - Action: Updates resource or creates a new resource if it doesn't exist. - HTTP Codes: - 200 OK: Succeeded, and the resource is updated - 201 Created: New resource created - 404 Not Found: Requested resource not found 4) PATCH: - Action: Partially updates data in a specified resource. - HTTP Codes: - 200 OK: Succeeded, and the resource is updated - 204 No Content: Successful, but no content to return - 404 Not Found: Requested resource not found 5) DELETE: - Action: Deletes data from a specified resource - HTTP Codes: - 200 OK: Succeeded, and resource is deleted - 204 No Content: Successful, but no content to return - 404 Not Found: Requested resource is not found
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RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) configuration! RAID combines multiple disks to improve data reliability, performance, or both. Common RAID configurations: 1. *RAID 0*: Striping - improves performance, no redundancy. 2. *RAID 1*: Mirroring - provides redundancy, duplicates data on two disks. 3. *RAID 5*: Striping with parity - balances performance and redundancy. 4. *RAID 6*: Similar to RAID 5, but with extra parity for higher redundancy. 5. *RAID 10*: Combines mirroring and striping for both performance and redundancy. When configuring RAID: 1. *Choose the right RAID level* based on your needs. 2. *Select the disks* to be used in the RAID array. 3. *Configure the RAID controller* (hardware or software). 4. *Set up the RAID array* with the chosen disks and configuration. 5. *Monitor and maintain* the RAID array to ensure data integrity. Remember to consider factors like data importance, disk capacity, and system performance when selecting a RAID configuration.
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In certain instances, users may need to capture SPI data over extended periods of time when debugging. Learn how this can be achieved using the Beagle I2C/SPI Protocol Analyzer along with Data Center Software, remote terminals, and API. #HowToTuesday
How Can I Monitor and Store Captured SPI Data Over Long Evaluation Periods and Test Runs?
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🗼 Ever wondered ! How your data travels from your device to the web and back? Enter the OSI Model ! This is Open System Interconnection. It was developed by ISO (International organization for Standardization in 1984. There are 7 Layers they are as follows: Layer 1 : Physical Layer : It transmits raw data over physical medium. Layer 2 : Datalink Layer : It manages data frame and error detection. Layer 3 : Network Layer : It routes data packets across different networks. Layer 4 : Transport Layer : It ensures reliable data delivery and error recovery. Layer 5 : Session Layer : It stablish and manages session between applications. Layer 6 : Presentation Layer : It translates data formats and manages encryption. Layer 7 : Application Layer : It provides interfaces for user application. #Network #OSIModel #DataTravel #Technology
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#raid5 Case Study: Data Recovery from HP DL 180 GEN 9 RAID 5 Configuration Client Background: Bworld Data Recovery Services was contacted by a client who experienced data loss on their HP DL 180 GEN 9 server running Windows Server 2019. The server was configured with RAID 5 using three 300GB SAS hard disks. Unfortunately, two of the hard disks were not detecting, and the client urgently needed to recover important database files. Initial Assessment: Upon receiving the server, Bworld Data Recovery Services performed a thorough assessment to identify the root cause of the issue. It was determined that the RAID 5 configuration was experiencing a critical failure due to the two non-detecting hard disks. The third hard disk was functional and contained crucial data, including the client's database files. Data Recovery Process: Hardware Inspection: Bworld's team inspected the physical condition of the non-detecting hard disks. They found that the issues were related to mechanical failures in both disks. Disk Imaging: The working hard disk was imaged to create a bit-by-bit copy of its contents. This ensured that any further damage to the original disk during the recovery process would not compromise the client's data. Repair of Non-Detecting Disks: Bworld's technicians then focused on repairing the mechanical issues with the two non-detecting hard disks. This involved replacing damaged components, such as read/write heads or control boards, to make the disks accessible for data recovery. Reconstruction of RAID 5 Array: Once all three hard disks were accessible, Bworld's experts reconstructed the RAID 5 array. This process involved using parity information to rebuild the missing data from the non-detecting disks. Database Recovery: With the RAID array successfully reconstructed, Bworld's team extracted and recovered the client's important database files. Specialized tools and techniques were employed to ensure the integrity of the recovered data. Data Verification and Delivery: After the recovery process, Bworld Data Recovery Services conducted extensive verification to ensure the integrity and completeness of the recovered data. The client was provided with a detailed report on the recovered files, and a secure delivery method was employed to return the data promptly.
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#RAID HOW DOES IT WORK? RAID takes data that is normally stored on a single disk and spreads it out among several drives. Except for RAID 0, if any single disk is lost, the user can recover data from the other disks where the data also resides. RAID can also increase the speed of data recovery as multiple drives will be faster retrieving requested data than one disk doing the same. #RAID DATA STORAGE A RAID solution can be either hardware-based or software-based. A hardware-based solution requires a specialized hardware controller on the system that contains the RAID drives, while software RAID is managed by utility software in the OS. The following terms describe the various ways RAID can store data in the array of disks. Mirroring — Stores data, then duplicates and stores the same on a second drive. Striping — Writes data across multiple drives so that consecutive segments are stored on different drives. Parity — More precisely, striping with parity. After striping, checksums are generated to check that no errors exist in the striped data. These checksums are stored on a third drive. Further RAID architectures exist, which mainly combine the above elements.
