A personnel security clearance is an administrative determination by a trained adjudicator that an individual is eligible from a security standpoint under national security standards for access to classified information. In order to make this determination, a personnel security background investigation is conducted. This investigation is noncriminal in nature and covers a defined period of normally not more than the past 10 years. The information collected must be sufficient to allow an affirmative or negative determination of a person's eligibility for access to classified information.
The security clearance process begins when a company determines that an employee or candidate for employment requires a personnel security clearance in order to perform the duties of their position. If the applicant has never held a personnel security clearance, or if their previous clearance was terminated more than 24 months ago, this is referred to as an initial clearance. The employee must complete a security questionnaire, a fingerprint card and release of information authorizations.
The applicant completes the security questionnaire electronically after the facility's security officer (FSO) initiates the process, using the Joint Personnel Adjudication System (JPAS). In some instances, the FSO will receive indication from JPAS that an investigation is not required for the applicant. If this happens, the FSO should check the procedures for industrial clearance/investigation requests to determine whether this resolves the issue. If the FSO still has problems, the Defense Security Service (DSS) is the reviewing authority.
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