Brain sexual differentiation in rodents results from the perinatal testicular androgen surge. In
the preoptic area (POA), estradiol aromatized from testosterone upregulates the production …

Microglia, the resident innate immune cells in the brain, have long been understood to be
crucial to maintenance in the nervous system, by clearing debris, monitoring for infiltration of …

Innate immune cells play a well-documented role in the etiology and disease course of many
brain-based conditions, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain …

Steroid hormones of gonadal origin act on the neonatal brain to produce sex differences that
underlie adult reproductive physiology and behavior. Neuronal sex differences occur on a …

Many sex differences in brain and behavior are programmed during development by
gonadal hormones, but the cellular mechanisms are incompletely understood. We found that …

The developing mammalian brain is destined for a female phenotype unless exposed to
gonadal hormones during a perinatal sensitive period. It has been assumed that the …

Steroid hormones of gonadal origin act on the neonatal brain, particularly the hypothalamus,
to produce sex differences that underlie copulatory behavior. Neuroanatomical sex …

Microglia regulate brain development through many processes, such as promoting neurogenesis,
supporting cell survival, and phagocytizing progenitor, newly-born, and dying cells. …

The study of sex differences in the brain is a topic of neuroscientific study that has broad
reaching implications for culture, society and biomedical science. Recent research in rodent …

Sexual differentiation of the brain occurs early in life as a result of sex‐typical hormone
action and sex chromosome effects. Immunocompetent cells are being recognized as …