The 1959 publication of the paper by Phoenix et al. was a major turning point in the study of
sexual differentiation of the brain. That study showed that sex differences in behavior, and by …

In the last decade, we have experienced a small revolution in the study of the neural and
hormonal bases of sex differences in behavior and reproductive function. The previous view …

In the twentieth century, the dominant model of sexual differentiation stated that genetic sex (XX
versus XY) causes differentiation of the gonads, which then secrete gonadal hormones …

A general theory of mammalian sexual differentiation is proposed. All biological sex differences
are the result of the inequality in effects of the sex chromosomes, which are the only …

The magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum is a forebrain nucleus of passerine
birds that accumulates testosterone and makes monosynaptic connections with other …

The fifth and sixth lumbar segments of the rat spinal cord were found to contain a sexually
dimorphic nucleus, the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB). The SNB, which …

In birds and mammals, differences in development between the sexes arise from the
differential actions of genes that are encoded on the sex chromosomes. These genes are …

The “four core genotypes” (FCG) model comprises mice in which sex chromosome complement
(XX vs. XY) is unrelated to the animal’s gonadal sex. The four genotypes are XX gonadal …

Sex steroid hormones have been thought to alter behaviors in adulthood by changing the
activity of neural circuits rather than by inducing major structural changes in these pathways. In …

In canaries and zebra finches, three vocal control areas in the brain are strikingly larger in
males than in females. A fourth, area X of the lobus parolfactorius, is well developed in males …