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Ce volume comprend : Ajax – Antigone – Électre – Œdipe roi – Les trachiniennes – Philoctète – Œdipe à colone – Les limiers

«Sophocle, un homme comme nous, s'est éteint dans sa quatre-vingt-onzième année, voilà deux mille trois cent quarante-sept ans. Son œuvre et notamment son legs suprême, Œdipe à Colone, est toute palpitante des pensées dont nous sommes aujourd'hui tourmentés.» Robert Kemp

384 pages, Mass Market Paperback

First published January 1, 402

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Sophocles

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Sophocles (497/496 BC-406/405 BC), (Greek: Σοφοκλής ; German: Sophokles , Russian: Софокл , French: Sophocle ) was an ancient Greek tragedian, known as one of three from whom at least one play has survived in full. His first plays were written later than, or contemporary with, those of Aeschylus; and earlier than, or contemporary with, those of Euripides. Sophocles wrote over 120 plays, but only seven have survived in a complete form: Ajax, Antigone, Women of Trachis, Oedipus Rex, Electra, Philoctetes, and Oedipus at Colonus. For almost fifty years, Sophocles was the most celebrated playwright in the dramatic competitions of the city-state of Athens which took place during the religious festivals of the Lenaea and the Dionysia. He competed in thirty competitions, won twenty-four, and was never judged lower than second place. Aeschylus won thirteen competitions, and was sometimes defeated by Sophocles; Euripides won four.
The most famous tragedies of Sophocles feature Oedipus and Antigone: they are generally known as the Theban plays, though each was part of a different tetralogy (the other members of which are now lost). Sophocles influenced the development of drama, most importantly by adding a third actor (attributed to Sophocles by Aristotle; to Aeschylus by Themistius), thereby reducing the importance of the chorus in the presentation of the plot. He also developed his characters to a greater extent than earlier playwrights.

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Profile Image for Alex.
1,419 reviews4,765 followers
January 4, 2019
Aristotle thought Sophocles the best of the Greek tragedians, and Oedipus the King the perfect tragedy. Sophocles wrote complicated, powerful plays - seven of them have survived, out of 120. He wrote about outcasts. My favorite, Antigone, is about fighting the power, and so are Elektra and Philoktetes. Robert Bagg and James Scully run down his common themes in their intro to this complete edition:

- Sympathy for fate's victims
- Hostility towards tyrants
- Skepticism toward self-indulgent "heroes"
- Disillusionment with war and revenge.

They go on: "It's impossible to sanction revenge...simply through analysis and debate. Revenge, the audience realizes, issues from hatred immune to logic or morality."

But Sophocles is clever and ambiguous, so it's possible (for example) to misunderstand Antigone; Creon, the tyrant machine Antigone is raging against, isn't a two-dimensional villain. Sophocles' plays "bristle with ironies and implications that suggest his characters do not, or cannot, understand everything that is happening to them." If you're not careful you won't understand everything that's happening to these characters either.

This 2011 translation is a little controversial; Bagg and Scully refuse the tendency toward high-falutin' language that most other translations use. They present Sophocles in stubbornly modern voices: "Sure, you can bitch" (i.e. complain) says Elektra to her sister. The word "bogus" is used. "To translate the rich range of expressive modes Sophocles had at his disposal," argues Bagg, "we need the resources not only of idiomatic English, but also of rhetorical gravitas and, on rare occasion, colloquial English as well." They dismiss what they see as a stuffy insistence on high-toned, Victorian translation habits. The effect is a little jarring, but I'm kinda...convinced, to be honest. They do bring plenty of "rhetorical gravitas" at times: when Elektra bemoans

You, my rancid bed in that
Palace of pain
(118)

you're reminded that these guys are poets. But they're determined to avoid gravitas for gravitas's sake.

They compare the plays to Greek statues in museums: they're all this stark, pure white marble, and that's how we think of them, but they weren't anything like that when they were made. The Greeks painted them with bright, even garish colors. They even dressed them up. We have the wrong idea, because it's been so long that the colors have worn away. By using modern English in their translations, Bagg and Scully are trying to put the color back in Sophocles.

Elektra (Read October 2016)
But here's a weird effect: it's suddenly possible to interpret Elektra as a comedy. I didn't get this sense when I read Anne Carson's translation. I didn't like it as much either. Sophocles amped up the weirdness and unlikability of Elektra and Orestes from Aeschylus' Libation Bearers, which tells the same story - there's his tendency to undermine "heroes" for you - and in Bagg's hands it reaches points of near silliness. "They've found a way into the heart of their hostess," says Elektra to Aegisthus, snickering. (They found it with daggers.) And a moment later: "For gods sake, brother," she says to Orestes: "Don't let him talk! You'll get a speech!" There's a whole section where Orestes slowly reveals to Elektra that it's not his ashes in this urn that's almost goofy.

So your mileage will vary on these idiosyncratic translations. For me: I found that I was drawn into these plays more than I ever have been before. (And I've read some of these like five times.) I liked them more; I understood them better; I was more interested. And I was more entertained.

More plays
Aias (Read in December 2016)
Great stuff, five stars, review here.

Women of Trakhis (Read in January 2017)
Dug it! Four stars, Review here.

Philoktetes (Read in October 2017)
Loved it! Five stars, Review here.

Antigone (read a bunch of times)
Probably the consensus best of his plays, and I see no reason to disagree. Here's my most complete review of it.

Oedipus Rex & at Colonus (read years ago and not this translation)
I never have written a review of these two, even though Oedipus is the most iconic figure in all of Greek drama. They're good? Dude fucks his mom?
Profile Image for 7jane.
756 reviews352 followers
April 28, 2022
These are the 7 fully surviving plays of a 5th c.BC Athens playwright (he wrote over 120 plays in his lifetime; two of the seven plays can be dated to a certain year), dramas which still can feel quite shocking (and after reading these, I can confirm this). Wikipedia gives some other plays that survive in fragments.
Each play has its own introduction, and at the end of the book are notes about plays, which make some things clearer, and perhaps even more interesting. The introduction talks about the background for the plays, and is a bit spoilery.
The plays often focus on the outcasts, the offenders... some bits seem to be based on real historical events of Athens. They were performed at the Dionysian festivals. At least some of them are here in timeline order.

I noticed that in stories with sisters in them, some comform to the 'oppressor', some rebel (and the former's fate is not always told within play). Bagg and Scully's translations are excellent, and make the stories flow well in this thick book, making it quicker to read. It's very easy to picture the scenes.

The plays:
Aias (also known as Ajax) - He has been denied the armor of Achilles, and reacts to this very badly (though partly due to Athena's influence). This play talks about how hard it is sometimes to adapt without self-destruction when people start to value a different kind of personality. The visuals are very-heart stopping, and I could easily see why the original audience would also find it shocking. It also shows how different society class levels can influence things even during a war.
Women Of Trakhis - Much-anxious wife of Heracles, Delaneira, tries her best, but can't stop destruction coming. Heroics can't cover here the darker side of Herakles' nature; some intentions can have uninteded consequences; and his suffering is intense.
Philoketes - (written during a time of turmoil) Philoketes has been abandoned on an island because of his wound, but is now much needed to end the Trojan war; he's not easy to persuade. He's not a pleasant man, yet suffering clearly. Achilles' son feels so young here (but his later behavior in Troy is not nice), and Odysseus here is a total jerk. The sudden appearance of .
Elektra - Elektra has sent her brother Orestes to safety after the murder of their father Agamemnon, and now he's returning to avenge his father. She is nearly crazy with her obsessive hatred, and clearly abused while Orestes is efficient yet materialistic. And is the revenge cycle really closed? Elektra left standing alone at the end seem to point at the answer; revenge can feel like emptiness. The conversation between Elektra and her mother is like an intense tennis match, a ball flying from one end to another.
Oedipus the King - (just one of the plays on the Oedipus story - is life controlled by the self or by deities?) Oedipus, now the king of Thebes, wants to solves the murder of previous king to end the plague in the city; what he learns brings up older events and memories... His wife realises the truth first, and reacts badly (too).
Oedipus at Kolonos - Oedipus and Antigone arrive there many years after the previous play (with both her and her sister Ismene having followed their father into exile) at a sacred grove near Athens, where Oedipus seeks the mercy he's been searching for. Here it's the daughters who are helpful, not the sons (who are trouble and rivals). The importance of rituals is emphasised.
Antigone - She and her sister have returned to Thebes, where after a battle in which their brothers have killed each other, one has been left unburied; but Antigone insists on trying to give him a proper burial even if it will cost her her life for breaking the current ruler (and her uncle)'s law. It's a rebellion against tyranny of the morally empty Kreon, who has become over the three plays increasingly unlikeable, to put it mildly. Antigone does wish, a little, that she , but the action that she feels was her duty comes first. This no-burial issue was something that happened in real-life Athens during the writing of this play, too. And although Kreon seems to stay the same, at the end he unable to deny that punishment is due to him, even if it happens beyond the play.

My favorites were Aias and Elektra, for their emotional intensity and 'loudness' that made me almost cover my ears in real life haha. All the actions and emotions of gods and men, and groups of the choruses with their leaders were easy to 'see'. It would probably be interesting to see any of these plays performed, and it's interesting to think what the original performance situations would have been like.
This was a really intense experience, and felt even more so as I have read Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey recently. But I think I will read something else than Ancient Greek literature next ::)
Profile Image for Gauss74.
441 reviews84 followers
August 1, 2022
Un libro che per me ha colmato un vuoto, ma che potrebbe farlo anche per tanti altri. C'è questa cosa che da un lato siamo imbevuti di cultura classica e di citazioni greche e latine da tutte le parti, dall'altro quelli che non hanno compiuto studi classici si trovano non in grado di goderne appieno. Nei licei scientifici (degli istituti tecnici ancora meno, ovviamente)di letteratura latina si fa pochissimo, di quella greca niente affatto. Con l'aggravante che la prima è la figlia neanche troppo originale della seconda, e che quindi è quella che non viene fatta quella che si sarebbe dovuto invece fare.

Dopo i poemi omerici, con tutto il loro carico di millenaria fama, ma anche di brutale ed animalesca ptimitività, si passa di botto all' Atene di Pericle, dell'acropoli, della nascita della filosofia. La grande tragedia greca, Eschilo Euripide ed, appunto, Sofocle. C'è di mezzo un periodo lunghissimo del quale non si sa pressochè nulla, e infatti la differenza si vede, eccome se si vede. Le tragedie di Sofocle (delle quali ci è rimasto pochissimo, al punto da stare tutto in un libro come questo) raccontano già di un genere letterario strutturato, con le sue regole, la sua metrica, i suoi topoi ben definiti ai quali ogni personaggio deve aderire. Niente a che vedere con le canzoni che stavano dietro all' Iliade ed all'Odissea.
Raccontano anche di un mondo che è già molto più civile. Le polis sono diventate un mondo civile, con le sue regole, a volta addirittura democratiche, con un rappporto con il sacro che è divenuto religioso. Sono città tanto più simili a noi, o comunque più simili all'idea che abbiamo del mondo classico come ci viene tramandato.

E' un mondo in cui la sopravvivenza della civiltà non è più messa in discussione, nel quale quindi ci si può occupare di ciò che sta oltre la mera sussistenza, qualcusa che sta sopra ed è più grande. Omero ci racconta dell'animalesca ricerca di un po' di cibo e di un riparo per la notte, nelle tragedie dell'età classica si parla dell'uomo, del senso della sua vita, del rapporto con gli dei e con un mondo che resta comunque ostile. La cesura è nettissima, e se ne accorge anche un profano.

Pagina dopo pagina, si fa la conoscenza diretta di figure che si è sentito nominare tante volte. Teseo l'uccisore del Minotauro, Edipo il vincitore della sfinge, e poi l'arciere Filottete, il focoso Neottolemo, Aiace Telamonio con la sua follia...
E quì secondo me torna fuori un punto che emergeva anche leggendo Omero. Sono tutti personaggi del mondo antico, e quindi poco profondi, semplici, diretti, coerenti con se stessi, anche se a differenza degli eroi omerici hanno una caratura psicologica nettamente superiore. Le loro sofferenze si traducono sempre al di fuori da se stessi, fuori verso un mondo dominato da divinità verso cui non si ha nessun controllo. Questa semplicità tipica del mondo antico nel pensiero collettivo non c'è, forse per colpa di un pesante neoclassicismo ottocentesco che ci ha ricamato davvero troppo, mascheraando il mondo ellenico con un idealismo davvero troppo pesante.

Sono contento di aver letto le tragedie di Sofocle. Hanno gettato un po' di luce sul mondo greco che ci fa da padre ma del quale troppa gente ha solo sentito parlare. E mi hanno raccontato di che cosa era davvero il mondo antico che no, non era quello di Foscolo, di Monti o di Pindemonte o addirittura di Antonio Canova. Quella era tutta fuffa, tutto un raccontarsela.
Profile Image for Guillermo Jiménez.
470 reviews326 followers
January 30, 2016
Por alguna razón que no me explico, sentí la imperiosa necesidad de releer Antígona. Quizá fue alguna referencia directa en alguna película u otro libro. Algún eco.

Cuando agarré el tomo completo de Tragedias de Sófocles y comencé a leer Antígona, me propuse releer todas y leer por primera vez Áyax.

Fue un muy agradable viaje. En más de un sentido: mientras recordaba al Guillermo que leyó por primera vez a Sófocles en los primeros semestres de Letras, descubría que recordaba muy poco, no ya de los mitos y la estructura de las obras, sino incluso de las tramas.

Mi favorita es Edipo en Colono.

Más que leer a Sófocles para entender teorías freudianas, leerlo puede resignificar otro medio para entender a la humanidad desde lo humano y racional, pero también desde aquello que ignoramos y que atribuímos a los dioses.

Me gustan este tipo de libros porque siento que no envejecen, a pesar de las expresiones o lo giros lingüísticos que se modifican con la traducción. A pesar de las múltiples lecturas y trabajos que ya hay sobre este autor; uno puede aproximarse con la confianza de que el libro no defraudará.
Profile Image for Omar BaRass.
95 reviews60 followers
April 21, 2016
ليست هذه قراءة حقيقية لسوفوكليس. ولكن نتيجة لقراءة عدة كتب للأدب الإغريقي كان اهتمامي يتزايد أكثر فأكثر لرائعة سوفوكليس "أوديب الملك" تلك المسرحيةالتي كتبت بعناية عظيمة وبقدر رهيب من الدقة،حيث لو أن فعل واحد لم يحدث لما اكتملت بذور المأساة فيها. القراءةمخصصة لتاريخ لعنة النسب


حدث مرة أن كانت أوروبا ابنة أجينور ملك صور تتمدد على شاطيء البحر حينما اقترب منها ثور أبيض، فاستأنسته وأخذت تداعبه حتى اختطفها الثور نحو جزيرة كريت. لم يكن هذا الثور سوى زيوس متنكرًا حالما تنبه لجمال أوروبا وأرادها لنفسه.
لم تعرف وصيفاتها ما حدث، وأقسم أجينور أن لا عودة لأولاده وزوجته من دون أوروبا، فخرجوا جميعًا لاهثين بحثًا عنها. وعندم�� أضنى البحث قدموس قرر أن يزور معبد دلفي وسؤال الوحي. فجعت الإجابة قدموس الذي عرف أنه ليس بالإمكان إيجادها وتبريرًا بقسم والده، تقرر الآلهة أن أمامه إستطيان أرضٍ غريبةٍ وبناء مدينة جديدة. لذا يتبع بقرةٍ جميلةٍ سترقد لاحقً على أرضٍ جدباء ستسمى فيما بعد طيبة!
وفي ظل بحثه عن الماء لأجل قربان أثينا يجد بئرًا يحرسه تنين، فيقتله وتشير بعد ذلك أثينا لقدموس حرث أسنان التنين في الأرض ومع كل سن ينبثق محارب مدجج بسلاحه مستعدًا للحرب ويدعون الإسبارطيون أو المنذورون. وبينما تتمايز نظرتهم للآخر شرًا، وقبل أن يلتفتوا لقدموس، يحمل هذا الأخير حجرًا ويقذف به إلى وسطهم فيتقاتلون إلى أن ينتهوا نحو خمسة فقط من أبناء الأرض.
يبني قدموس طيبة ويصبح الغريب ملكًا فيها، وتقوم الآلهة بتزويج قدموس إلى إلاهة وهي هرموني، إلاهة الوفاق، فتحضر الآلهة وتقدم الهدايا للزوجين في الوفاق بين الإنسان والآلهة والذي يحمل في باطنه جذور الإنفصال والفراق لسلالة قدموس.

تزوجت إحدى بنات قدموس أحد أولئك المنذورون الخمسة، أبناء الأرض، وبهذا يختلط النسب مرة أخرى إلى ثلاثة؛ إلاهة، بشر من أرض غريبة، والمنذورون الذين ليسوا بخالدين ولا بشرًا حقيقيين. ويبدو أنه في كل مرة تختلط بها الأجناس الثلاثة تنفصل عروة العلاقات وتتحطم نحو شكل بشع، فما يحسب أنه عند الآلهة من توفيق يصير عند الإنسان تشتت وتفريق. وهكذا عندما يشتد عود حفيد قدموس بانتيه من أمه أغافيه ابنة قدموس، ابن ابيشيون مسخ الأرض، يظهر في الوقت الذي يصبح حاكمًا لطيبة ابن طيبة آخر وغريبها معًا، الإنسان والإله، ذاك الذي لا يسكن الأولمب ومسكنه الأرض ويعيش فيها كهارب أحيانًا، ذاك الذي ولد مرتين من رحم امرأة وفخذ إله، ديونيزيوس الذي لا يمتلك خاصية معينة بحد ذاتها، بل يتداخل مع الآلهة في خواصهم لكن بطريقة لا تسلب منهم تلك الخاصية ولا عباداتهم. أمثال التمييز الموسيقي بين ديونيزيوس وأبولون. 
ديونيزيوس هو الآخر حفيد قدموس من ابنته سيمليه وهي جراء علاقتها غير المنقطعة مع زيوس، ولهذا تحمل هيرا حقدًا وكرهًا لمدينة طيبة.  ديونيزيوس يشكل تجانس شكلين؛ إلاهي وإنساني بحيث يغلب عليه الشكل الإلهي من جدته هارموني ووالده زيوس، أي أنه الآخر الإلهي في مواجهة بانتيه الذي تتقاسمه الأشكال الثلاثة. يتواجه الإثنان في ظهور عبادة ديونيزيوس التي تنتشر كالداء في الأرض مع عابداته. يدخل ديونيزيوس أرض طيبة على شكل كاهن متشرد في حين يمثل بانتيه ابن الأرض المتجذر فيها. بانتيه يحمل في ثناياه احترامًا للنظام والأسلوب الأستقراطي، وأن الرجل مكانه سدة الحكم والمرأة مكانها في المنزل، ويمثل التفكير الإغريقي في أن الآخر، غير الإغريقي، ليس إلا بربري ومخنث، ليس حرًا. في حين أن العبادة التي يقدمها ديونيزيوس هي عبادة للتحرر من الإرتباطات، من تعظيم الرغبة والشهوة والسكر فيها. فما كان من بد إلا أن يتصادما ويرفض الآخر نقيضه. 


يسحر ديونيزيوس النساء فيصابوا بشيء من الجنون، ليتحرروا من قيود الزوجية والأمومة. تترك النساء بيوتهن ويهيمن في الأرياف والغابات، ينمن في الطرقات. سيدات كن وقورات في مجتمعهن. وتدخل في زمرتهن نساء القصر وكذلك أغافيه أم بانتيه. يتزايد غضب بانتيه ويقبض على ديونيزيوس ويرسله السجن، وينظم حملة عسكرية ليرسلها نحو الريف لينهي جنون النسوة. تسقط قيود ديونيزيوس ويخرج من القصر مبتسمًا كما دخله مبتمسًا في الوقت ذاته يتهدم القصر ويحترق تحت ذهول بانتيه، وفي الوقت ذاته تعود الحملة العسكرية مهزومة ومدمرة من جراء النساء، ليعبر عن إنقلاب في الحال، اللطف يهزم العنف، النساء تدمر الرجال، المدينة تخسر أمام البرية، التنظيم يسقط أمام الفوضى. وهو ما يوضحه فرد في الحملة على إنقلاب الهيام والإنسجام في الطبيعة في ظهور العنف إلى وحشية مرعبة.
ديونيزيوس يثير فضول ابن اخته في معرفة حقيقة ما يجري في الأرياف. وإن كان عليه أن يراهم يجب عليه أن يتخلى عن شكله الإغريقي، شكله الإسبارطي المنذور، أن يتخلى عن كونه مواطنًا للأرض ويلبس لبس امرأة ليصبح مرآة لديونيزيوس، أو نقيضًا للشكل الإغريقي، مخنثًا. وعليه أن يختبيء في شجرة حتى لا تتم مشاهدته، فيبقي على حياته في أن يتخلى عن ظاهريته كرجل. 
وفي أعلى الشجرة يشاهد بانتيه والدته أغافيه مع نساء القصر في نشوة ديونيزسية، وما أن ينزل نفسه ناحيتهن حتى تتنبه له النسوة، ويهزن الشجرة ثم يقطعنه قطعة قطعة وتستأثر أمه أغافيه برأس ولدها في غمرة نشوتها !

بعد موت بانتيه ورحيل قدموس تصبح طيبة بلا ملك، وتنتقل السلطة لابن قدموس بوليدوروس، يتزوج بوليدوروس ابنة أحد المبذورين ولا يستمر في الحكم أبدًا حيث تنتقل السلطة لابنه لابداكوس.
ولابداكوس (وتعني الأعرج) أمه هي نيكتييس ابنة أحد أولئك المبذورين، ويصير لابداكوس إلى مصير أعرج حيث ستكون الأزمنة الأولى في الحكم غير ثابتة إطلاقًا، فتقوم صراعات في السلطة ولا تهتز طريقة الإنتقال الطبيعي للسلطة.

يموت لابداكوس سريعًا وكان من المفترض أن تنتقل السلطة لابنه لايوس، إلا أن لايوس لم يزل صغيرًا جدًا على الحكم فيشغل العرش نيكتيه وليكوس مؤقتًا قبل أن يبعداهما أمفيون وزيتوس. وعندما يحل الوقت لتخليهما عن السلطة للايوس يجبران الأخير على الهرب وترك السلطة وراءه.

يتجه لا يوس نحو كورنثه إلى بيلوبس الذي يقبل ضيافته ويساند قضيته. وبهذا يكسر لايوس سلسلة متصلة من الحكم التي تجري حسب العادة في انتقالها من الأب للابن.
ويقع لايوس في حب كريزيب ابن بيلوبس، ويحاول إقامة علاقة معه، وتحدِّث بعض الروايات بأن لايوس يقوم بإغتصاب كريزيب الأمر الذي جعل الأخير ينتحر هربًا من العار والفضيحة، في تلك الأثناء وعندما يرسل بيلوبس لايوس إلى طيبة تصله أخبار أسباب انتحار ابنه كريزيب فيطلق عليه لعنة وعلى نسله. خط سير لايوس أعرج، فعندما كان يجب أن يكون ملكًا تشرد، وعندما بلغ وبدلًا أن يتخذ زوجةً، أراد كريزيب، وبدلًا أن يدفع لبيلوبس هدايًا لقاء مودته واستقباله له، ها هو يدفع بابنه للإنتحار.

يعود لايوس لطيبة بعد موت أمفيون وزيتوس، ويستقله أهل طيبة، ويرتضونه ملكًا عليهم كحق مكفول له، ويتخذ جوكاست زوجةً له. وجاكوست هي الأخرى يرتبط نسبها بأولئك المبذورون، أبناء الأرض، وهكذا يلتقي النسب الثلاثي مرة أخرى وأخرى. ومرة أخرى يدفع الإنسان ثمن هذه الإلتقاء.
وهكذا يتبع لايوس خط وحيد، نحو مصير مرعب، حيث تنذره كاهنة دلفي من أي طفل له من جاكوست سينتهي ميتًا تحت يده ومتزوجًا من أمه، ويأتي يوم يترنح فيها لايوس سكرًا لينتج من تلك الليلة ولدًا ينذرانه للموت…


نصل للجزء المهم هنا وهو أوديب.
عانى أوديب منذ ولادته مصائر مرعبة وهو في الأغلب مساق نحوها وليس تحت إرادته.
أرسل للموت إتقاءً للعنة لم يجلبها لنفسه، تربى تحت كذبة خطيرة أنه ابن مدينة كورنث، وقع تحت فخ غرابة نبوءة ديلفي التي دفعته نحو أبيه فقتله، ودفع الشعب له في تزويجه أمه، ومن ثم حمله على طرد نفسه من طيبة، إلى أن قام علم النفس الحديث بعقده عقدة لا فكاك منها.
والعجيب أنه حتى في الحالات التي أخذت الرحمة بأوديب لم تزده هذه الرحمة سوى بؤسًا. لم تكن الحالة عند أوديب إلا تعبير دائم عن إنحراف وإنقلاب. كرحمة الراعي الذي سلمته جاكوست ولدها حتى يقتله فوق جبل سيثيرون وما أن رأى عيني أوديب حتى ضرب رجله بمسمار وسلمه لراعي آخر من كورنث. هذا الإنحراف، الأمر الذي لم ينفذ، لم يكن إلا مسمارًا آخر في سلالة اللابداسيين. حيث حمل معه الويلات. رحمة أخرى من طرف أمه التي حاولت ثنيه عن الإستمرار في كشف حقيقة القاتل حتى لا يهلك، هذه الرحمة التي فهمها خطأً أوديب، ذو الذكاء المتقد الذي أنقذ به شباب طيبة، لم تزده إلا عنادًا للكشف عن أصله.
وعلى طول مجرى الأسطورة، التي لم نعي منها كأبعد أثر سوى ما كتبه سوفوكليس عنها، نجد أن أوديب يساق إلى نهايته، إلى تأكيد نبوءة ديلفي.
وتأتي الإنقلابات في الأسطورة بشكل مذهل، حيث أن ما كان يقصده أوديب يعنيه بالفعل، لكن لم ينقلب الحديث فيه رأسًا على عقب، بل الحال والحدث إنقلبا ليصبحا ضده. لم يكن أوديب بطبيعة الحال ينتوي إيذاء نفسه، لكن ها هي الظروف تنحرف لتعود إليه مرة أخرى.
فبحسب فهرس وضعه هوغ 1872 تحمل التعابير الملتبسة في المسرحية خمسين تعبيرًا. يقول فرنان عن الالتباسات في المسرحية: “أما الالتباس الذي يطالعنا في أوديب الملك، فمختلف عما ذكرنا كل الاختلاف، إذ ليس مردّه إلى تناقض الدلالات ولا إ��ى ثنائية الشخص الذي يتحكم بالحدث المسرحي ويطيب له اللهو مع ضحيّته. وحده أوديب، ولا أحد إلاّه، أدار اللعبة في الدراما التي ذهب ضحيتها…”
إنه من العجيب أن تجده يؤكد على نفسه “بل من أجلي أنا سأعمل على أن أطرد هذه النجاسة من ههنا” في حين يكون أوديب ملكًا على طيبة تصبح حاله فيما بعد شبيهة بطقس الفارماكوس عند الإغريق، ذاك الرجل الذي يحمل آثام المدينة على كتفه ويطرد منها محملًا بنجاساتها.
وتجد شيء من الدهشة عندما تسير قدمًا في قراءة أوديب الملك أن أوديب الفذ، العنيد، “حلّال الألغاز هو اللغز الذي يعجز عن تفسيره”. وهذا يحدد شكلًا آخر في الإنقلاب وهو في معنى الإبصار على طول المسرحية، حيث أن أوديب كان يمثّل للناس، بعد أن حلّ لغز السفنكس وملكًا على طيبة، عظيم البصيرة والفهم، في حين كان بالنسبة للآلهة ليس إلا أعمى لم يفهم أي شيء مما بدا له من نبوءة ديلفي وتفسيرات تيرزياس. في حين عندما يُجهز أوديب على عينيه ينقلب الحال ليُصبح عند أهل طيبة أعمى لن يرى شيئًا بعد الآن وحقيرًا، لكن من الآن وصاعدًا يصبح أوديب للآلهة بصيرًا، شيئًا أعلى من البشر، وهذا ما هو سيصير إليه في أوديب في كولون، أي بطلًا….

الحيوانات تعرف طبيعة واحدة منذ و��ادتها وحتى نهايتها. أي مرحلة واحدة فقط إلى أن يموت. بينما يعرف الإنسان ثلاث مراحل متعاقبة ولكل مرحلة طبيعة مختلفة عن الأخرى. يبتدأ طفلًا يزحف، ومن ثم يغدو رجلًا يمشي على قدمين إلى أن يصل لمرحلة العرج فيمشي على ثلاثٍ في شيخوخته.
وهو ينتقل من طبيعة الدهشة، إلى التجريب، وينتهي بالتريث أو شيء كهذا.

يولد أوديب فيما كان يجب أن لا يولد أبدًا. ووضعه أعرج كليًا، ينجو من الموت وهو المنذور له، بمعجزة، ويرجع لطيبة ليصبح حاكمًا طاغية وهو بالأساس ليس بطاغية وعودته إنما تمثل عودة للبداية. فخلط بشكل عجيب هذه السيرة الحتمية للإنسان. فهو بإكماله المسير يعود لنقطة ولادته. وبدلًا أن ينمو شابًا يتجه للشيخوخة. ويأخذ مكان أبيه الذي قتله، ويخلط الأم بالزوجة والأولاد بالإخوة والأخوات. “إن هذا الشبح الذي كانت الاسفنكس تتكلم عليه، والذي هو في الوقت نفسه يمشي على اثنين وثلاثة وأربعة هو أوديب” فرنان
ويستمر فرنان بالقول: “تطرح الأحجية مشكلة الاستمرار والاحتفاظ بالأوضاع والوظائف والمناصب في وسط الثقافات رغم تدفق الأجيال التي تولد وتحكم وتختفي مخيلة الساحة إلى الجيل التالي. يجب أن يبقى العرش نفسه في حين أن الذين يشغلونه سيختلفون باستمرار؛ فكيف يمكن للسلطة الملكية أن تبقى واحدة وسليمة عندما يكون الذين يشغلونها، أي الملوك متعددين وشتى؟”
وهكذا عندما يصير أوديب أعمى ومطرودًا يتناوب ولداه الحكم لكل سنة أحد الولدين يحكم والآخر يغادر طيبة.
ونتيجة لتعاملهما المزري مع أوديب يطلق الأخير لعنة أخرى كلعنة بيلوبس مع لايوس بأن يقتلان بعضهما.
وهكذا يحدث للنسب الذي كان لابد أن ينقطع، والذي كان لابد أن لا يوجد. يرفض إيتوكيل تسليم الحكم لبولينيس، فيعود الأخير بحملة من أرغوس وهي حملة السبعة. وهذه الحملة لم تكن ممكنة، فقد رفض في البدء عراف أرغوس، أمفياراوس هذه الحملة لأنها ستكون نكبة وسيلقى حتفه فيها. وهكذا رفض أداراست ملك أرغوس الحملة بداية. فقدم بولينيس هدايا قدمتها الآلهة إلى هارموني وقت زواجها بقدموس، أخذها معه إلى أرغوس وقدمها إلى إيريفيل زوجة أمفياراوس وذلك لجعل زوجها يوافق على الحملة، ولأن العراف قد أقسم مرة أنه ليقبل أي طلب من إيريفيل فيضطر للموافقة على الحرب.
وتنتهي بذرة زواج عُنيّ بالتوفيق بين البشر والآلهة إلى إحلال الفرقة والأسى على كامل السلالة.
Profile Image for Lucas Sierra.
Author 2 books539 followers
December 22, 2020
Todo lo humano nos pertenece (Comentario, 2020)

Releo a Sófocles, completo, luego de seis años. Vuelvo a temblar ante el cadáver de Áyax y oscilo junto al cuerpo suspendido de Antígona, padezco los celos de Deyanira mientras el orgullo de Filóctetes me obliga a permanecer en la isla, soy la sorpresa de Electra y la desesperación de Yocasta, junto a Ismene purifico la fuente de las Euménides en Colono. Durante algunas madrugadas, mientras el sol se prepara en lo oculto del mundo, habito el teatro de Epidauro y escucho los cantos, y observo los gestos, y asiento ante los parlamentos. Durante algunas madrugadas vuelvo a comprender algo que comprendí hace seis años, cuando leyendo a Sófocles por primera vez me enamoré de la tragedia ática: en cada línea cabe el universo, estar aquí es comprender que todo lo humano nos pertenece.

Ya se han hecho los elogios necesarios, ya se han levantado, también las quejas, el reclamo ante un canon que convierte en tortuosa obligación lo que debería ser el voluntario deslumbramiento. Hemos visto jóvenes estudiantes de colegio transidos de dolor al saber que no han leído el Edipo para presentar su prueba de español. Hemos visto jóvenes estudiantes de colegio preocupadas porque el examen final incluirá preguntas sobre Antígona. Una desaforada premura aglutinante llena las aulas con docentes incapaces de enseñar a leer Grecia, y entre exámenes de selección múltiple, con respuestas de falso o verdadero, cumplimos la cuota de enseñar a Sófocles mientras extinguimos, para siempre, la posibilidad de que el futuro revele a quienes así lo padecieron la belleza de sus obras.

Por supuesto, toda generalización es torpe, y estoy seguro de que habrá docentes entregando el alma para apasionar a sus estudiantes con esto, y con los viajes de Odiseo, y con la barba eterna del Cid Campeador. Mario usó la historia del cautivo, en el Quijote, para explicar todo el contexto de las guerras del Mediterráneo, y estoy seguro de que lo hizo desde la pasión y la entrega de quien sabe que está haciendo un regalo alucinante. Pero que exista esto no anula lo otro, y lo he visto cuando en primer semestre de un pregrado en literatura recibo lectores que tuercen el gesto cuando anuncio que leeremos “Áyax” y “Antígona”. Elles, que han recorrido todas las sagas olímpicas de Rick Riordan, recuerdan con amargura la experiencia de leer a los trágicos. Por suerte, con la delicadeza adecuada y confiando en la potencia de esta escritura, el trauma suele ceder, desaparecer, y pocas clases disfruto tanto como esa en la que, desprovistos ya del hastío escolar, conversamos sobre el corazón de Antígona que es, y será siempre, el péndulo del mundo.

Esta es una declaración de amor. Esta es una invitación sentida, hondamente convencida, llena de certeza para quienes duden todavía entrar al universo de las tragedias. La distancia temporal con los textos suele poner entre ellos y nosotres una barrera que es difícil vencer del todo. Eso es cierto. No sumemos a esa la del miedo propio y sumerjámonos en esa distancia con la seguridad de que en el fondo, más allá de los ritos, los contextos, los detalles de una cosmogonía que heredamos como un eco, en el fondo está escrito el molde de lo humano, de lo infinitamente humano, contado con una sencillez, con una belleza, que decretó desde entonces, cinco siglos antes de Cristo, la búsqueda de toda literatura. Permítanse el gozo de encontrarse, en el fondo de cada una de estas obras, con el rostro que tenemos en el sueño de la eternidad.

Y si deben elegir una sola, una entre todas, vuelvan a “Antígona”, siempre, para ver si algún día terminamos de entender aquello de venir al mundo no para el odio, sino para el amor.
Profile Image for Sajjad thaier.
204 reviews110 followers
September 8, 2020

مجموعة رائعة من المسرحيات وقد عشقت مسرحية أنتيجونا بالخصوص بما فيها ما طابع التمرد والوقوف في وجه الظلم.
ساضع رباط المراجعة بمجرد أن أنشرها أما الآن أتمنى أن تستمتعوا بهذه الاقتباسات:



"لا يخلق بالطبيب الحاذق أن يرتل تعزيمات سحرية حينما يقتضي الداء استعمال المشرط."

"بالنسبة إلى الإنسان لا توجد مهمة أنبل من مساعدة الآخرين بقدر طاقته ووسائله."

تيرسياس المتنبأ مخاطباً أوديب :
"لم يطحن القدر أحداً بقسوة أشد مما سيفعله القدر معك."

"إسمينا: ... تخيلي الموت البائس الذي سنلقاه, لو أننا عصينا القانون, وتخطينا قرار الحظر وصرنا تحت السلطان المطلق لملك. واعلمي أولا أننا لسنا إلا امرأتين: وال��بيعة لم تجبلنا على النضال ضد الرجال. إنا خاضعنام لسادة, وبالتالي نحن مرغمتان على الامتثال لأوامرهم هذه وما أقسى منها. وفيما يتصل بي أنا, على كل حال, فإني أتوسل إلى الموتى المقيمين تحت التراب أن يكونوا رحماء بي, لأنني إنما أذعن للقوة القاهرة, ومستعدة لإطاعة السلطة القائمة: إن الأفعال التي لا جدوى منها هي حماقات.
أنتيجونا: اطمئني-لن أطلب منك شيئاً بعد الآن- وحتى لو أدرت بعد ذلك أن تفعلي شيئاً, فلن يسرني أبداً أن أشعر بأنك إلى جانبي. فكوني إذن من تشائين أن تكونيه. أما أنا فإني سأدفن فولونيقس, وسأكون فخورة بأن أموت وأنا أفعل ذلك. فعلى هذا النحو سأرقد إلى جواره, حبيبة إلى من هو حبيب لي, مجرمة بجرم مقدس."


"أنتيجونا: أنا من أولئك الذين يحبون, لا من أولئك الذين يكرهون.
كريون: إذن ما دام لا بد لك أن تحبي, فاذهبي تحت التراب لتحبي الموتى؛ أما أنا, فطالما كنت حياً, فلن أجعل امرأة هي التي تسن لي القوانين."

وعلى الرغم من كل شيء أيها الأمير, فإني أفضل أن أخفق لأني تصرفت بأمانة على أن أنتصر نتيحة استخدامي للسفالة."

"الحرب لا تهلك أي شرير عن طيب خاطر- أما الأفاضل, فعلى العكس من ذلك تهلكهم الحرب في كل ضربة."

"إن الموتى هم وحدهم المعفوون من الألم."

Profile Image for Lector Común.
6 reviews1 follower
May 11, 2022
La noción de grandeza es relativa, ya se sabe, y requiere siempre algún tipo de comparación. En literatura, podemos comparar la visión del mundo de un autor con la de otro (esto amplía la literatura); o bien, podemos comparar la visión del autor con la nuestra propia (esto amplía nuestra personalidad); o bien, la visión del autor con el mundo mismo (esto amplía la vida). En este último sentido, pareciera como si la grandeza fuera imposible y absoluta a la vez, si tal cosa no fuera absurda. Autores como Sófocles nos hacen creer que no lo es.
Su teatro, como la vida, está lleno de instantes que parecen llevar en sí algún misterio salvador, pero al mismo tiempo, cualquier intento por nuestra parte de aprehender el todo nos deja solos frente a una ironía oscura y brutal (Hijo de la Fortuna, se llama Edipo a sí mismo) y frente a un número tristemente grande de problemas irresolubles.
Sus obsesiones, las de Sófocles, siguen siendo las nuestras. Las relaciones entre poder y autoridad, entre hecho y palabra, entre prudencia y pasión, entre destino y deseo, siguen siendo de un interés vital. Pero una vez que encontramos estas cuestiones en su teatro, se nos aparecen más claras y por lo tanto, inesperada paradoja, más confusas y más terribles ( Como si se iluminara una caverna en la que yace alguna bestia de la que no conocíamos más que sus lejanos ronquidos). Con todo, la lectura de Sófocles (mi griego favorito, por cierto) es una experiencia gozosa.
Cuando lo leo, lamento no entender el griego antiguo. Pero incluso en la traducción puede uno encontrar su fuerza. El horror de Edipo ante su destino, el bello reencuentro entre Electra y Orestes, la sufrida soledad de Filoctetes, la soberbia ira de Ajax, etc... todo resulta verosímil, potente, conmovedor, y se adhiere a nuestro ser de un modo definitivo. Como dijera el poeta (otro poeta): he aquí una imagen de anhelo/ y nada volverá a ser ya lo mismo.


Verdaderamente, un autor para toda toda la vida.
159 reviews
January 13, 2019
What a brilliant collection, and now that I’ve read Sophocles’ entire oeuvre, I consider him one of my favorite playwrights

Philoctetes is one of the most brilliant portraits of pain, physical and emotional pain. And Odysseus, who appeared as the commonsensical counterpart to the sons of Atreus in Ajax (a superb portrait of heroic madness in the face of perceived insult), is here the deceptive schemer. Thinking now of Philoctetes, I am surprised by how singular The Odyssey’s multifaceted and mostly sympathetic portrayal of Odysseus stands out in light of Odysseus’ often negative reputation in later ancient literature.

Then the Oedipus plays are the most masterful “classic” Greek tragedies, full of gravity, beautiful language, elevated grandeur and nobility, and more. Oedipus the King is perhaps the more perfect, but so far my preference goes toward Oedipus at Colonus for the serenity that pervades that play and for the presence of a wiser and more peaceful Oedipus and for the noble presence of Theseus

And Antigone is special for its dramatization of the resistance of right against might, of the individual against the State. And it’s perhaps Sophocles’ bleakest play, insofar that there are three deaths at the climax - Antigone, Haemon, and Eurydice. At least the Oedipus plays establish a kind of noble stance in relation to fate, and Philoctetes ends with a hope of healing. Antigone seems the most relentless of the Sophoclean masterpieces.
Profile Image for عبد الرحمن العتيق.
33 reviews23 followers
March 9, 2017
أتممت "أوديب ملكا"، و يا لأوديب المسكين ويا لعبث القدر به، عمل عظيم شهد التاريخ بذلك للأسف ترجمة الدكتور بدوي ركيكة نوعا ما وتفتقر للمسة الأدبية .
Profile Image for Dragos C Butuzea.
113 reviews109 followers
September 28, 2015
dincolo de faptul tragic ca atare, la sofocle mai sunt prezente două elemente:
poeticul - mi se pare ca sofocle are o poezie mai elaborată decât eschil (probabil și traducerea ritmată a lui george fotino - traducător al operei complete sofocliene - are aici un merit)
un mod Aristocratic de a suporta suferința, în cazul antigonei, de pildă, prin sinucidere. căci, în cazul ei, principiile - încarnate în poruncile zeilor - sunt mai presus de poruncile (mai ales tiranice) ale puterii contingente.
mi s-a mai părut interesantă legătura dintre privat (problemele personale ale eroilor), public (puterea politică și viața cetății) și religie (zeii și ritualurile).

de pildă, în oedip rege, amenințarea cu ciumă a cetății teba e „cauzată“ de omorul ascuns al regelui oedip. deși acesta e descoperit, cetatea teba va mai suferi, cei doi fii ai lui oedip se vor război între ei (în oedip la colonos și antigona) și vor muri amândoi (întâmplare povestită și la eschil, în cei șapte contra thebei). până la urmă, dintre copiii lui oedip va rămâne doar ismena, de restul neamului se va alege praful.

aias

o piesă ciudată, metaforă despre ravagiile pe care războiul le face în mintea unor oameni, în cazul de față viteazul argian aias. în timpul luptei din troia, acesta se oftică pentru ingratitudinea tovarășilor săi atrizi care nu-i dau armele defunctului ahile lui, ci lui odiseu/ulise. așa încât, razna la cap, dorește să se răzbune și sare la omor, dar în loc de dușmani, zeița atena pe ochii-i rătăciți îi împânzește năluci, așa încât nebunul, în loc de oameni, omoară niște vaci.
când vede că și până și zeii fac mișto de el, se sinucide.

restul nu-i prea grozav, seamănă cu antigona - fra-su mortului dorește să-l îngroape, dar trufașii atrizi o interzic, să se dea jmekeri.
așa că intervine vicleanul odiseu (feblețea atenei) și rezolvă.

trahinienele

este despre finalul tragic al lui herakles. nevastă-sa, deianira e geloasă pe o tinerică aleasă de eros drept aventură pentru herakles. zice deianira:

... Vreo vină soțului
Să-i fac eu azi că-a fost de Eros săgetat?
Nebună-ar fi să fiu! Sau s-o învinuiesc
Pe-această tânără? Dar ce rău mi-a făcut? (pp.86-87)

doar că-i dă o cămașă unsă cu o licoare anti-curvăsărie. doar că licoarea i-o oferise tocmai o victimă a lui herakles, centaurul nessus. proasta, deci, va fi instrumentul de peste ani a răzbunării unei victime.

Din val l-a și izbit; prin păr, lui sângele-i
S-a scurs învălmășit cu creierii albicioși.
Ah! Ce-a țipat norodul îngrozit... (p.98)

un adevărat scenariu horror pățește herakles de la nevastă-sa. dar și de la propriul tată, zeus, ce i-a păscut o așa soartă durereoasă.

Șirag de amaruri cumplite. Dar toate
Purces-au de sus, de la Zeus! (p. 118)

Restul articolului http://chestiilivresti.blogspot.ro/20...
Profile Image for stasia.
430 reviews
Read
April 28, 2022
les trachiniennes : 3,5/5
antigone : 5/5
ajax : 4/5
œdipe roi : 5/5
electre : 4/5
philoctète : 3,5
œdipe à colone :
Profile Image for Philip.
1,016 reviews304 followers
October 23, 2023
Spoilers, of course.

I finished this back in July - and then met with my friend in early October, which is to say this year's reading is primarily relying on my notes and one big theme that stood out, rather than my memory. It's at least my 7th time through the Theban plays - and I'm aiming to finish all of the surviving Sophocles, though I haven't - even though they're all contained in this collection.

Previous reviews, before we get into this review:

2017: Storr

2018: Banks

2019: Watling

2020: Roche

2021: Fagles

2022: Nisetch

2022: Heaney (Antigone only).

And now, here we are: 2023. Seventh time through, and I've forgotten so much of what I'd asked myself to remember.

I just skimmed through my previous reviews. Highlighting Tiresias's line, "Alas, alas, what misery to be wise when wisdom profits nothing!" in Storr's edition - and rehighting it, "The most terrible knowledge is the kind it pays no wise man to possess." in Bragg. (Lines 383 and 384, by the way.) And of course always coming back to, "I don't take to those who take to talk." - which is a line I may always remember, and rendered, "I don't want love that just shows up in words," here. (Line 588)

The guard in Antigone is still my favorite, and I'm putting dots beside my favorite speeches. I'm noting the amount of foreshadowing/dramatic irony in King: pgs. 400, 401, 405, 411, 419, 441, 442, 452... And 452: how ironic: Leader: "This woman is his wife and mother... of his children." Messenger: "I wish her joy, and the family joy that comes when a marriage bears fruit."

Learning and relearning from the various introductions and footnotes. That Sophocles won a lot of these competitions, but the amount of randomness in those victories:

"...each judge... would inscribe on a tablet the names of the three competing playwrights in descending order of merit. The rest of the process depended on chance. The judges placed their ballots in a large urn. The presiding official drew five at random, counted up the weighted vote totals, and declared the winner."

Or the note on 831 about Gaia and Eurydice... "Eurydike's violent suicide presents Kreon with the silenced woman he wanted in Antigone, and it gives Antigone the vengeance she sought against Kreon- a silent funeral..."

Which... reminded me that my biggest thought throughout this read was this: what does a modern mental health expert make of Sophocles? What of the suicides? Jocasta and Eurydice. Antigone. Haemon. One could argue Polynices and Eteocles. And for what? Love? Anger? Pride? Justice? Duty? Revenge? Depression?

And, along those lines - reading back through my reviews: unbelievable. "Fate, it seems, is not without a sense of irony."

This from my second reading:

Reading Oedipus always makes me edgy. The irony of being so far gone and not even realizing it, "...As if he were my father..." at line 252, or "...his build was not unlike yours..." at line 705.

None but a fool would scorn life that was brief.

In vain we say man is happy, till he goes beyond life's final border, free from pain.


I just made some significant career moves, and it makes me nervous after reading Oedipus. I was a hero where I was - well-loved and respected. But my story isn't finished being told yet. And it won't be until the very, VERY end.


It's shocking, in light of everything that happened, that I wrote that.

But I'm still alive. And I still have my eyes. And I still have my daughters, and my wife, and my home. Food and drink and entertainment.

Count no man happy until he's dead. Who knows what will be taken from you tomorrow.

Assuming we're all still here next year, I want to revisit this topic.
Profile Image for Anne.
836 reviews87 followers
June 28, 2022
I really enjoyed this translation, and Greek tragedies are certainly amusing to read. Some of these plays were better then others, and some were rather to ridiculous. The most interesting for me were Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex) and Philoctetes, while for me Ajax and Antigone were a bit too silly. But all of these are fascinating, most centering around characters from Homor's The Illiad and The Odyssey. I would also recommend watching stage versions, because there is nothing like seeing them enacted instead of simply reading the words on the page. Also, this particular copy is not organized chronologically, since Oedipus at Colonus is set before Antigone, but it is the last one of this edition. Still, I recommend reading these Greek tragedies.
Profile Image for Captain Sir Roddy, R.N. (Ret.).
442 reviews329 followers
December 18, 2015
I finished this new volume of translations of the seven existing plays by Sophocles last night. I unhesitatingly recommend this new work of the translators, Robert Bagg and James Scully, as they really did an outstanding job of presenting these powerful dramas with lyricism and impact. For your information, I am providing a list of the plays in the collection and the primary translator--
Aias (James Scully)
Women of Trakhis (Robert Bagg)
Philoktetes (James Scully)
Elektra (Robert Bagg)
Oedipus the King (Robert Bagg)
Oedipus at Kolonos (Robert Bagg)
Antigone (Robert Bagg)
Interestingly enough, this was the first time that I had read Aias (Ajax) or the Women of Trakhis and I really, really enjoyed both of them. While I was familiar with the story of Ajax from The Iliad, I have to say that Sophocles and James Scully really made me realize the physical and psychological toll that warfare and combat has upon a soldier. One has to believe that what is described in Aias can only be classified as "post-traumatic stress disorder" (PTSD). We see the toll that this 'madness' takes upon the family and friends of Ajax, and it is truly heartbreaking. In the Introduction to the volume, Bagg and Scully indicate that excerpts from both Aias and Philoktetes have been performed for members of the American armed services and their families in the context of addressing and dealing with PTSD. Bravo!

Finally, I have to say that I consider myself somewhat a connoisseur associated with Sophocles' Antigone, and the version in this collection is simply superb. The dialog is spare, clipped, and drips with pathos--we emotionally respond not only to what Kreon and Antigone say in the play, but the overall intent of Sophocles in writing the play. As Antigone prepares to meet her fate she laments,
"Hades, who chills each one of us to sleep,
will guide me down to Acheron's shore.
I'll go hearing no wedding hymn
to carry me to my bridal chamber, or songs
girls sing when flowers crown a bride's hair;
I'm going to marry the River of Pain." (890-895)
That'll wrench your heart-strings. Bagg and Scully have given us a new version of Sophocles that is dramatic, poetic, and lyrical. The language incorporated in these translations is not in the slightest degree flowery or excessive. In my opinion, not one word is wasted, the emotion is right there--in your face--and it just feels right. Read these plays and see what you think.
Profile Image for Liván.
224 reviews53 followers
January 8, 2022
La voz de Sófocles sobrevive milenios después y por una buena razón. Hace muchos años quería leer sus tragedias, principalmente para conocer estas historias clásicas, pero también para entender el trasfondo y la importancia de lo escrito por uno de los autores y dramaturgos más inolvidables de todos los tiempos.
Lo que más me gustó de leer estas tragedias fue ver la luz que pone Sófocles sobre la naturaleza humana, su fragilidad tanto material como moral y su pequeñez frente al tiempo. Las tragedias muestran lo más bajo de la humanidad, lo más oscuro y lo más bello, la lealtad es protagonista tanto como la traición, llenando a los diálogos de una dualidad casi confusa pero bellísima.
No voy a negar que hubieron unas tragedias que me parecieron inferiores en su calidad temática, como Las Traquinias, sin embargo la magistral construcción de personajes y sus interacciones me dejó cautivado. Me dio mucho gusto poder analizar diferentes aspectos de nuestra realidad humana, tan efímera en el plano de la existencia, y poder encontrar en voces tan antiguas los murmullos que forman la voz de una sociedad en la que aún vivimos.
Profile Image for علاء ابوغليون.
Author 4 books8 followers
July 21, 2019
كتاب رائع يحتوي على عده مسرحيات ل سوفليس بتقديم وشرح عبدالرحمن البدوي
Read
July 1, 2020
Áyax, de Sófocles, nos devuelve al Ciclo Troyano que habíamos dejado en Orestíada. Los eventos que hacen parte de este universo se ubican en lo que se suele llamar la Edad Heroica: una estrecha franja de tiempo limitada a unas pocas generaciones anteriores y posteriores a la guerra de Troya.
https://www.musaparadisiaca.co/2020/0...
Profile Image for Rosa.
281 reviews197 followers
March 24, 2013
Aias - 3 Stars
Women of Trakhis - 5 Stars
Philoktetes - 4 Stars
Elektra - 4 Stars
Oedipus the King - 4 Stars
Oedipus at Kolonos - 5 Stars
Antigone - 5 Stars

A beautiful, simple translation. I only wish more than 7 of Sophocles' 125 plays had survived.
Profile Image for Roberto.
78 reviews1 follower
October 26, 2021
«Tiresias: Tu destino no es sucumbir por mí. Apolo bastará para ello. A él a quien incumbe ese cuidado.
Edipo: ¿Esto ha sido inventado por ti o por Creonte?
Tiresias: Creonte no es causa de tu mal. Tú solo eres tu propio enemigo»
Profile Image for John Pistelli.
Author 9 books306 followers
January 1, 2016
It is never a bad time to get right with the classics. After having read Oedipus and Antigone several times in multiple translations (Jebb, Arnott, Fagles) over the years, I decided to read all of Sophocles’s extant plays—a mere seven out of 123 (civilization is fragile; don’t let anyone tell you differently).

I am here reading the version by poet and translator Paul Roche for Signet Classics. According to Wikipedia, Roche was a second-generation Bloomsberrie, enemy to Vanessa Bell and lover of Duncan Grant. (Was it Hugh Kenner who, with a mixture of homophobic venom and campy cattiness, described Bloomsbury as a congeries of men and women all in love with Duncan Grant?) As a translator, Roche is much less devoted to Biblical fustian than Jebb, and his verse is as simple and conversational as Fagles’s while also being more carefully wrought. As he tells us in his translator’s preface, he retains Sophocles’s meter by using what he rather oddly calls “Freewheeling Iambic”—i.e., essentially a form of accentual verse, not unlike Hopkins’s neo-medieval “sprung rhythm,” wherein the poet counts the beats per line without also counting the syllables, this to keep a flexible but percussive regularity, as of natural speech. Roche adopts this technique, he says, to give English readers a sense of the speed of the plays in Greek, and it works quite well for that; but he confesses also that it is beyond his ingenuity to reproduce the density of sound in Sophocles—the alliteration, consonance, and assonance that creates such magnificent textures out of what Roche assures us are common Greek words.

Roche arranges the plays in the historical/mythological order of events they describe, so that the volume opens with Ajax, set during the Trojan War, and ends with Antigone, the conclusion of the Theban cycle—even though Antigone is a work of Sophocles’s middle period and famously late plays, such as Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus, get displaced into the middle of the volume. I suppose this is the least confusing way to do it for students, but I would have preferred to track the development of the playwright’s vision and sensibility.

My brief responses to the plays themselves, in the order in which they appear in this volume:

Ajax: In this play set during the Trojan War (after the death of Achilles), the great warrior Ajax has just been vexed by Athena. Furious that the armor of Achilles has gone to Odysseus, he plots to murder Agamemnon and Meneleaus, whom he not unreasonably blames for having dragged him away from family and homeland for the sake of their corrupt and sordid war. But Athena tricks Ajax into murdering instead a head of cattle seized from the Trojans before it can be distributed among the Argives. When he comes out of his illusion, the mortified and furious Ajax plots and eventually accomplishes suicide, despite the protests of his sailors (the chorus) and of his touchingly though realistically loyal captive bride Tecmessa. Following Ajax’s death, a dispute ensues between his half-brother Teucer and the Atreus brothers over whether his body should be buried (shades of Antigone); eventually the shrew and politic Odysseus mediates and the burial takes place. This is not a very action-packed play; the main interest is in its laments and debates, particularly in Ajax’s climactic curse upon the House of Atreus, Teucer’s rancor against same, and Odysseus’s amusing opening conversation with Athena. (Odysseus is an ambiguous figure here, ethically dubious but pragmatic and level-headed in a play all about seeking balance; Athena, standing behind him, is even more questionable.) Even more interesting than the language, though, is the mise en scène: Ajax among the slaughtered cattle in the play’s beginning; Ajax’s body impaled upon his own sword, oozing gore, throughout the final third. This is a play whose superficial resolution cannot cloak its terrible assertion that if the gods will it, your life will become an abattoir. (Your own hubris will certainly not be to your advantage in the situation, however.)

Electra: This a protracted revenge play, poignant for its tender portrayal of its heroine, reduced to the conditions of a slave and thereby able to sympathize with the conditions of slavery. Her repeated references to herself as a nightingale, singing of her losses, is moving in itself and more moving when one considers it as a poetic trope that will resonate through the centuries—in Ovid, Shakespeare, Keats, Eliot:
ELECTRA: Shallow is one who forgets a parent’s
Pitiless end. Give me instead
The sorrowful nightingale, she who sings
Its Itys—forever distraught:
Emissary of Zeus.
The confrontation between Electra and her sister (who wants to be prudent) is a nice revisitation of the Antigone/Ismene conflict in Sophocles’s earlier play. Orestes’s fake death, reported by his older confederate to mislead the villainous Clytemnestra, is a masterpiece of action-narrative, justifying the back cover’s reference to Sophocles as a “tragic Homer.” Clytemnestra herself is too petulant to be impressive, though her self-justification (that she killed Agamemnon in revenge for his sacrifice of Iphigenia) is compelling, despite Electra’s correct reply that this does not justify adulterous murder. Not the most impressive Greek play, but worth reading for its heroine.

Philoctetes: In this play’s backstory, the titular snakebitten warrior has been abandoned on a deserted island called Lemnos by his Greek comrades during the Trojan War because the stench of his wounded foot so disgusted them. The play begins when crafty Odysseus, along with the dead Achilles’s son, Neoptolemus, land on Lemnos to retrieve Philoctetes, because an oracle has revealed that the Greeks will not defeat Troy without him. This play is notable for its particularly unpleasant portrayal of the scheming Odysseus, a figure Sophocles seems to find repellent, as he attempts to trick Philoctetes into coming back to the Greek camp. The decent Neoptolemus forges a tender relationship with the aging, injured warrior and resists Odysseus’s deceit. (As in the similarly late play of old age, Oedipus at Colonus, Sophocles elegiacally portrays a youngster coming to love an older, more vulnerable person who relies on the aid and loyalty of youth.) Philoctetes’s characterization is masterly, from his sad way of asking after his former associates and lamenting the news of their deaths (including that of Achilles) to his sick old man’s querulousness, especially potent in his rage against Odysseus. He really does remind me of a Beckett character, with his unutterably sad vulnerability, his bittersweetly comic and half-impotent fury, and even his injured foot (a motif in Beckett, poet of pain, whose characters often literally “can’t go on,” because they lack the power of locomotion). But Sophocles has the gods whereas Beckett has nothing, and this play, not a tragedy at all, ends full of promise, as the 90-year-old playwright and his suffering hero look to the horizon:
Good-bye, sea-skirted isle of Lemnos:
Breeze me away on a faultless voyage
To whatever haven Fate will waft me,
To whatever purlieus the wish of my friends
And the universal god of happenings brings me.
The Women of Trachis: This one is almost Euripidean in its sympathy and complexity. It is the story of how Deianeira, trying to win back the love of her womanizing husband, the hero Hercules, after he captures a younger bride, accidentally kills him by sending him a shirt bequeathed to her by the centraur Nessus. Nessus, unbeknownst to her, had poisoned it to revenge himself on Hercules for wounding him as he attempted to rape Deianeira. The second half of the play, full of the very slowly dying Hercules’s complaints, is not interesting, but Deianeira’s resigned, intelligent, and forthright reflections on the fatality of love are quite moving, as is her eventual suicide:
You are talking to a woman
    who is neither perverse nor ignorant
    of the ways of men
    and knows the inconstancy of the human heart.
Anyone who has a boxing match with Eros is a fool.
The god of love does exactly what he likes—
    even with the gods.
If he rules me,
    then why not another woman in the same way.
Oedipus the King: What is left to say about Oedipus? It is a masterfully constructed play, full of symbolic economy (references to eyes and vision are pervasive) and, every time I experience it, it is unbearably suspenseful in its dramatic irony. Everybody from the ancient audience to the post-Freudian reader knows Oedipus’s story before he does, rendering the play a master-class in sympathy with sublime catastrophe. Even though this play allows its spectators a god’s-eye-view, we know that we, no less than the tragic hero, are caught in the toils of fate and must one day submit. Few moments in literature are more moving than Jocasta’s farewell: “Good-bye, my poor deluded, lost and damned! / There’s nothing else that I can call you now.” (Not son, not husband.) Oedipus’s tragic flaw, I note, is a trust in himself (borne of solving the Sphinx’s riddle without realizing its implications for all mortals). When he refers to himself, earlier in the play, as “a stranger to the story” of Laius’s murder, we know that the terrible story is in fact about him and no one else. Seeing himself as a rational foe of the monstrous (perhaps also, implicitly, the sexual, the feminine, and the deadly), he does not recognize the monstrous in himself. But the sublimity of his self-trust comes from his pursuing his investigation to the end of the line, until he finds a truth so horrifying to look upon that he must strike at the organs of perception, thereby becoming precisely the decrepit man at evening, going on three legs, referred to in the Sphinx’s riddle. I recall that Adorno and Horkheimer, in Dialectic of Enlightenment, were able to mount their attack on the entirety of Western civilization by treating Odysseus (about whom Sophocles is so ambivalent) as its founding representative—Odysseus, the polytropic man, who always wins by cheating. Of course, there would have been a hint of self-praise in selecting Oedipus as representative of Enlightenment. But Oedipus is the ultimate in self-scrutiny and self-criticism, as the modern West might say of itself, if only it weren’t too self-critical to congratulate itself so. In any case, Oedipus may investigate himself and punish himself, but it does not make him (or us) any less a monster. This truth—that knowledge is its own good but no salvation—suggests the limits of any Enlightened perspective.

Oedipus at Colonus: Sophocles’s final vision, the drama of the aged Oedipus’s transfiguration, his mysterious near-assumption on the outskirts of Theseus’s Athens:
Some emissary maybe from heaven came;
    or was the adamantine floor of the dead
    gently reft for him with love?
The passing of this man was painless
    with no trace of pain nor any loud regret.
It was of mortal exits the most marvelous.
There is loud conflict, with the blind and vulnerable Oedipus in marvelous command of language as he rebukes his enemies—including Creon and his son, Polyneices. As Roche observes, “his years of suffering have raised him to a holy dignity as the recognized vehicle of divine justice.” The drama gives way to the mysterious ritual of its conclusion, a kind of authorial prayer for grace on the lip of the grave. Meanwhile, the chorus of Athenian elders concludes, at the play’s end, as Sophocles nears his own death and a weeping Antigone walks offstage to her fate,
Come, then, cease your crying
Keep tears from overflowing
All’s ordained past all denying.
A wisdom much out of fashion—and not actually comforting—but fortifying.

Antigone: Now this play I have never quite understood. Ever since Hegel, it is famous for supposedly representing a confrontation between two viewpoints, each of which is right on its own terms. But Creon is not right on any terms. Everyone in the play agrees that his decree against burying Polyneices is impious, a slight against the gods that will invite punishment. Moreover, his ruling is impractical from a pragmatic political perspective—while a leader wants to make himself feared and respected, petty dictatorial actions against a defeated enemy seem like a confession of insecurity, a display of inner weakness rather than strength. As for Antigone, she may be technically correct about the familial and religious need to bury her brother, but Sophocles presents her as a heroine so death-entranced as to be positively Decadent (I imagine she is the inspiration for Wilde’s Salome). I believe some have suggested that Antigone has an incestuous desire for her brother, a plausible interpretation given that she is herself a child of incest. But she justifies risking her life for her brother in coldly rational terms, terms so rational that they actually exclude piety (since she avers that she would not risk death to bury any other family member): if you lose a husband or a child, you may marry or bear another, but you can’t find or make more siblings. Again, correct on a technicality, but all her emotion, all her desire, is for death itself, because what does she, who has lost so much, have to live for?—
Come, tomb, my wedding chamber, come!
You sealed off habitations of the grave!
My many family dead, finished, fetched,
    in a final muster to Persephone.
There is much to admire in this brief play, from the chorus’s extraordinary oration on human power and limitation to the brief but perfectly evocative roles for Haemon (a Romeo avant la lettre, as Roche points out in his introduction) and the prudent (or cowardly) Ismene. I do not think this play can bear the weight of its political interpretation—as a staging of the rival claims of family and state—since both family and state are so utterly disordered in this story of the house of Oedipus. But as a drama about human despair and perversity, about the irresistible urge some of us—the fatally stubborn Creon no less than death’s bride, Antigone—feel to take our lives to their ultimate conclusions in some spectacular gesture, it is unrivaled.
Profile Image for EJ Daniels.
305 reviews1 follower
December 30, 2019
An excellent modern translation of the works of Sophocles which emphasizes vernacular and eschews grandiose phrasing. While I personally prefer the more florid prose of traditional translations, this version does emphasize the timeless qualities of Sophocles' great works.
Profile Image for Samuel.
180 reviews
November 11, 2020
Un poco pesado por la intervención de los coros, las constantes lamentaciones de los personajes y el formato de obra teatral. Además de los nombres que cuestan un poco de trabajo. Sin embargo, las historias están muy bien contadas y para su época es sencillamente excelente.
Profile Image for Ciska Imschoot.
Author 2 books6 followers
July 6, 2022
Degelijke vertaling, maar ook duidelijk uit de jaren tachtig: strak aangehouden woordvolgorde, ritme en plechtige taal. Interessante annotaties en goede inleidingen.
De schoonheid van de stukken zelf staan buiten discussie uiteraard: de Griekse tragedie is tijdloos.
Profile Image for Ash.
8 reviews
February 28, 2024
Funestos destinos de los héroes de Troya, la terrible maldición que asoló a los Labdácidas… Obras trágicas sublimes del maestro Sófocles
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