What Is Metastatic Breast Cancer? Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More
Types of Metastatic Breast Cancer
- De novo This means the cancer has already spread to another area of the body at the time of diagnosis. About 6 percent of women in the United States are initially diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer, per the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO).
- Distant recurrence This refers to breast cancer that was not considered metastatic at the time of diagnosis, but has come back in another area of the body after treatment. A distant recurrence is more common than a de novo metastatic breast cancer diagnosis.
What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Metastatic Breast Cancer?
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Metastatic breast cancer can cause any or all these symptoms, depending on where the cancer has spread.
Everyday HealthSymptoms of breast cancer that has spread to the bones include:
- Bones are easily broken or fractured
- Bone pain
- Swelling
Symptoms of breast cancer that has spread to the brain include:
- Changes in behavior
- Issues with memory
- Nausea or vomiting
- Persistent headaches
- Seizures
- Speech or vision issues
Symptoms of breast cancer that has spread to the liver include:
- Abdominal pain
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes)
- Nausea or vomiting
- Rash or itchy skin
- High liver enzymes in the blood
Symptoms of breast cancer that has spread to the lungs include:
- Pain in the chest
- Persistent cough
- Shortness of breath
What Causes Metastatic Breast Cancer?
How Is Metastatic Breast Cancer Diagnosed?
- Biopsy A tumor biopsy involves removing a small portion of tissue from the bone, liver, lungs, lymph nodes, or other part of the body, and sending it to a pathologist (a specialist who looks for diseases in tissue and fluid samples). It is the most definitive way to test for cancer cells, per ASCO.
- Computed tomography (CT) scan A CT scan may be used to detect tumors or other abnormalities in the bone, liver, lung, or lymph nodes. This type of scan can also measure the size of tumors.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) This test produces images of the inside of your body and is also able to determine a tumor’s size.
- Positron emission tomography (PET) scan A sugar tracer containing a small amount of radioactive substance is injected into your vein. This substance will collect in cells that have higher levels of activity, like cancer cells. A scanner then shows where the radioactive substance has been absorbed. A PET scan is often combined with a CT scan (PET-CT scan) when checking to see if breast cancer has spread.
- Bone scan Your doctor may perform this test to see if cancer has spread to your bones.
- X-ray This may be used to check if breast cancer has spread to the lungs.
- Blood tumor marker tests This type of blood test is performed to find tumor proteins, also called serum tumor markers, in your blood. However, these proteins are also found in people with other conditions that are not cancer. Therefore, this is not considered a diagnostic test.
- Complete blood count (CBC) This may be done to measure the number of different types of blood cells you have and determine whether or not your bone marrow is working properly.
- Serum chemistry blood tests This test measures the minerals in your blood and looks for abnormal enzymes, which may be a sign that cancer has spread away from the breast. Abnormal test results are commonly found for many other conditions that are not cancer, so this is not a diagnostic test. It may also determine how well your kidneys and liver are functioning.
Testing a Metastatic Tumor
Your doctor may test for:
- Hormone receptor status If a tumor tests positive for either estrogen receptors (ER) or progesterone receptors (PR), it’s called hormone receptor (HR)–positive. When estrogen or progesterone bind to these receptors on breast cancer cells, they stimulate cell growth. Hormone therapies work by either blocking the hormones from binding to the receptor or decreasing estrogen levels in the body.
- HER2 status Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a protein that helps cancer cells grow at a quicker pace. If a cancer is HER2-positive, doctors may recommend treatments that specifically target the HER2 protein. If breast cancer expresses a very small amount of HER2, it’s considered HER2-low and may be treated similarly to breast cancers that have no HER2 (called HER2-negative), according to the National Cancer Institute.
Treatment Options for Metastatic Breast Cancer
- Where the cancer has spread in your body
- The tumor’s hormone receptor and HER2 status
- The tumor’s gene mutations
- Your symptoms
- Treatments you’ve received in the past
- Overall health
Hormone Therapy
- Tamoxifen This medication is an estrogen receptor blocker, which works by preventing estrogen from binding to cancer cells.
- Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) AIs work by blocking the aromatase enzyme, causing the tissues in your body to decrease estrogen production. This treatment is used in women who have already undergone menopause or in premenopausal women along with ovarian suppression.
- Ovarian suppression This treatment is used in women who have not yet undergone menopause. It involves either surgery or medication to stop the ovaries from making estrogen, putting the woman into menopause.
These treatments are often used in combination with a type of targeted drug called CDK 4/6 inhibitors, which work by blocking the proteins responsible for cell division. Stopping cell division slows tumor growth. CDK 4/6 inhibitors include:
Sometimes, breast cancer cells don’t respond to the hormone therapies above, or some patients may have unacceptable side effects. In those cases, your oncologist may try what’s called “second-line” treatments:
- fulvestrant (Faslodex) This treatment is commonly used when an HR-positive/HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer doesn’t respond to hormone therapy and continues to grow. Fulvestrant works by preventing estrogen from attaching to estrogen receptors.
- elacestrant (Orserdu) This drug is used for women with an estrogen receptor mutation who have already been treated with but didn’t respond to hormone therapy. Elacestrant can also be used to treat men with advanced breast cancer.
Chemotherapy
- capecitabine (Xeloda)
- cisplatin (Platinol)
- doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
- eribulin (Halaven)
- gemcitabine (Gemzar)
- ixabepilone (Ixempra)
- paclitaxel (Taxol)
- vinorelbine (Navelbine)
Targeted Therapy
There are several types of targeted therapies, and the type of targeted therapy your doctor recommends will depend on your tumor’s biology.
CDK 4/6 inhibitors are a targeted drug used in combination with hormone therapy to treat HR-positive breast cancers, as described above in the Hormone Therapy section.
- Alpelisib (Piqray) is given with the hormone therapy fulvestrant to people who have HR-positive breast cancer with a PIK3CA gene mutation.
- Capivasertib (Truqap) is given with fulvestrant for HR-positive breast cancer with one or more mutations in the PIK3CA, AKT1, or PTEN genes.
- Everolimus (Afinitor) blocks the mTOR protein (a protein that helps cells grow and divide), and is given with the AI exemestane for HR-positive breast cancer that didn’t respond to a previous AI.
- ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla)
- lapatinib (Tykerb)
- margetuximab (Margenza)
- neratinib (Nerlynx)
- pertuzumab (Perjeta)
- pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and hyaluronidase (Phesgo)
- trastuzumab (Herceptin)
- trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu)
- tucatinib (Tukysa)
For HER2-low metastatic breast cancer, trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu) may be used.
Immunotherapy
Radiation
Surgery
Clinical Trials
Risk Factors for Metastatic Breast Cancer
- Breast cancer subtypes HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancers are more aggressive and tend to have higher rates of metastasis compared with HR-positive cancers, according to one 2020 study.
- How the cancer grows Fast-growing cancers are more apt to metastasize.
- The stage at diagnosis A breast cancer’s stage describes how much the disease has spread, with a higher stage indicating more spread.
What Is the Prognosis of Metastatic Breast Cancer?
Prevention of Metastatic Breast Cancer
You may be able to lessen the chances of a metastatic breast cancer diagnosis if your cancer is caught early. Routine mammograms can help doctors find cancers sooner.
- Maintaining a healthy weight
- Being physically active
- Avoiding alcohol, or drinking in moderation
- Breastfeeding if you have children
Research and Statistics: Who Has Metastatic Breast Cancer?
Black Americans and Metastatic Breast Cancer
- Social and economic factors, such as culture, poverty, and social injustice
- Unequal access to medical care
- Biological differences in breast tumors, such as a greater proportion of triple-negative breast cancers — a more aggressive breast cancer — in Black women
- Lifestyle habits, including higher alcohol consumption, poor diet, and smoking
Related Conditions and Causes of Metastatic Breast Cancer
Some conditions closely related to metastatic breast cancer include:
- Breast cancer Breast cancer begins when a malignant tumor grows in breast tissue.
- Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) DCIS originates in the milk ducts of the breast and makes up about 1 in 5 new breast cancer cases.
- Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) IDC is the most common type of breast cancer. It also begins in the milk ducts, but ultimately spreads outside the ducts and into fatty tissue in the breast.
- Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) ILC begins to grow in the lobules, or the milk-producing glands, of the breast, and makes up about 1 in 10 cases of invasive breast cancer (cancer that spreads to fatty tissue).
- Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) With IBC, lymph vessels are blocked by cancer cells, which may result in redness or swelling of the breast. IBC accounts for up to 5 percent of all breast cancer cases.
- Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) TNBC describes breast cancer that doesn’t have any estrogen or progesterone receptors, or HER2 proteins. Up to 15 percent of breast cancers are triple-negative.
Resources We Trust
- Cleveland Clinic: How Palliative Care Can Help if You’re Living With Metastatic Breast Cancer
- Mayo Clinic: Treatment for Metastatic Breast Cancer
- American Cancer Society: Coping With Advanced and Metastatic Cancer
- American Society of Clinical Oncologists: Breast Cancer – Metastatic: Questions to Ask the Health Care Team
- National Cancer Institute: Treatment Clinical Trials for Breast Cancer
Everyday Health follows strict sourcing guidelines to ensure the accuracy of its content, outlined in our editorial policy. We use only trustworthy sources, including peer-reviewed studies, board-certified medical experts, patients with lived experience, and information from top institutions.
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