A man walks past wildfire damage in Lahaina, Hawaii, on Wednesday.
Tiffany Kidder Winn via AP
The wind-whipped fires in Maui spread swiftly and created a deadly tinderbox, overwhelming residents and local officials in one of the nation’s deadliest wildfires.
“It’s very strange to hear about severe wildfires in Hawaii – a wet, tropical island – but strange events are becoming more common with climate change,” Jennifer Marlon, a research scientist and lecturer at the Yale School of the Environment, told CNN.
Fueled by a combination of strong winds and dry conditions – and complicated by the island’s geography – the fires have killed at least 36 people.
Maui’s wildfire appears to be one of the deadliest in modern US history. The fire already ranks as the second deadliest in the past 100 years, trailing California’s Camp fire, which killed 85 people in November 2018, according to CalFire.
While the wildfire that engulfed Lahaina, an economic hub in western Maui, is now 80% contained, crews are facing serious challenges.
Here are some factors that made it difficult to combat the fires that have plunged a state known for its stunning natural beauty into an unprecedented crisis:
Drought contributes to fire spread: Drought worsened in Hawaii over the past week, leading to fire spread, according to the US Drought Monitor released Thursday. Severe level drought conditions in Maui County ticked up to 16% from 5% last week, while statewide moderate drought levels jumped to 14% from 6%.
Dried-out land and vegetation can fuel wildfires, which can swiftly turn deadly if strong winds help fan the flames toward communities.
Hurricane-related winds fuel fire weather conditions: Hurricane Dora wasn’t helping matters. Even as the storm roared 500 miles south of Hawaii, a strong high-pressure system stayed in place to the north, with the two forces combining to produce “very strong and damaging winds,” according to the National Weather Service.
These winds coupled with low humidity levels produced “dangerous fire weather conditions” through Wednesday afternoon, the weather service said.
How the land is used has changed: Nonnative species now cover nearly a quarter of Hawaii’s total land area, and invasive grasses and shrubs become highly flammable in the dry season, said Clay Trauernicht, an assistant specialist who studies tropical fire at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Hawaii also has lost large plantations and ranches, with fire-prone grasses overtaking fallow lands, he said.
Geography and limited resources stymie firefighting: The geography of Hawaii – an island chain in the Pacific – and limited firefighting resources also complicate efforts.
Personnel at the state Division of Forestry and Wildlife are primarily natural resource managers, foresters, biologists and technicians – not full-time wildland firefighters, according to the agency website.
“West Maui is kind of a perfect example – one highway through the whole place,” Trauernicht told CNN. “Our resources are limited to what’s on island. The resources … are going to be spread thin.”
Fewer than 300 firefighting personnel responded to the state’s second-largest fire, on the Big Island in 2021, Trauernicht said.