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2019
This paper presents the results of theoretical analysis and computer modeling, which suggest that two main linguistic populations characterized today as the division of Indo-European languages into the so-called "satem-centum" language ranges could emerge in the model Indo-European language community approximately 3500-4000 years ago. The results of computer modeling show that among the two main hypotheses of the formation of the Proto-Indo-Europeans (the Anatolian and Kurgan hypotheses), the latter corresponds to the time estimates we obtained to a greater extent. Some of the problems of the search for the ancestral homeland of the peoples that were carriers of the Proto-Indo-European language are analyzed.
2017 •
In the paper two different models describing distribution and change of the linguistic information in some Indo-European communities are considered: nonlinear dynamic system model and the wave model described by system of the integral-differential equations. Within the frames of these models numerical research of distribution of the linguistic information has been carried in some Indo-European language community, including the initial stage of its formation. We take into consideration two main hypotheses: Anatolian and Kurgan. Anatolian hypothesis localizes IE ancestral home in western Anatolian. According to Kurgan hypothesis Proto-Indo-European people existed in Black sea steppes and southeast Europe approximately from V till III millennium BC. Domestication of horse and use of vehicles made culture carriers’ mobile, and it was the major stage in the development of Kurgan culture and has essentially expanded their influence. This fact has been put by us on the basis of the construction of our theoretical models. Results of some theoretical analysis and computer modeling are presented. The results of computer modeling show that among two main hypotheses of formation of the Proto-Indo-Europeans – Anatolian and Kurgan – the latter better matches the temporary estimates which were obtained by us. Finally, data on a hypothetical PIE alphabet – namely, the number of possible “characters/symbols” (“letters”) of PIE alphabet on the basis of our data were obtained. Based on the results, it was found that the range of possible values for alphabetic characters is limited to about values: 3 – 38.
2003 •
Languages, like genes, provide vital clues about human history. The origin of the Indo-European language family is ``the most intensively studied, yet still most recalcitrant, problem of historical linguistics''. Numerous genetic studies of Indo-European origins have also produced inconclusive results. Here we analyse linguistic data using computational methods derived from evolutionary biology. We test two theories of Indo-European origin: the `Kurgan expansion' and the `Anatolian farming' hypotheses. The Kurgan theory centres on possible archaeological evidence for an expansion into Europe and the Near East by Kurgan horsemen beginning in the sixth millennium BP. In contrast, the Anatolian theory claims that Indo-European languages expanded with the spread of agriculture from Anatolia around 8,000-9,500 years BP. In striking agreement with the Anatolian hypothesis, our analysis of a matrix of 87 languages with 2,449 lexical items produced an estimated age range for the initial Indo-European divergence of between 7,800 and 9,800 years BP. These results were robust to changes in coding procedures, calibration points, rooting of the trees and priors in the bayesian analysis.
2012 •
Abstract There are two competing hypotheses for the origin of the Indo-European language family. The conventional view places the homeland in the Pontic steppes about 6000 years ago. An alternative hypothesis claims that the languages spread from Anatolia with the expansion of farming 8000 to 9500 years ago.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
Indo-European origins: A computer-simulation test of five hypotheses1995 •
Allele frequency distributions were generated by computer simulation of five models of microevolution in European populations. Genetic distances calculated from these distributions were compared with observed genetic distances among Indo-European speakers. The simulated models differ in complexity, but all incorporate random genetic drift and short-range gene flow (isolation by distance). The best correlations between observed and simulated data were obtained for two models where dispersal of Neolithic farmers from the Near East depends only on population growth. More complex models, where the timing of the farmers' expansion is constrained by archaeological time data, fail to account for a larger fraction of the observed genetic variation; this is also the case for a model including late Neolithic migrations from the Pontic steppes. The genetic structure of current populations speaking Indo-European languages seems therefore to largely reflect a Neolithic expansion. This is consistent with the hypothesis of a parallel spread of farming technologies and a proto-Indo-European language in the Neolithic. Allele-frequency gradients among Indo-European speakers may be due either to incomplete admixture between dispersing farmers, who presumably spoke proto-Indo-European, and pre-existing hunters and gatherers (as in the traditional demic diffusion hypothesis), or to founder effects during the farmers' dispersal. By contrast, successive migrational waves from the East, if any, do not seem to have had genetic consequences detectable by the present comparison of observed and simulated allele frequencies. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Formation of the Indo-European branches in the light of the Archaeogenetic Revolution John T. Koch University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies Draft of paper read at the conference ‘Genes, Isotopes and Artefacts. How should we interpret the movement of people throughout Bronze Age Europe?’ Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 13–14 December 2018. Introduction Using the historical-comparative method, linguists can recover many details of prehistoric languages. With enough of the right kind of data, it is possible to reconstruct detailed lexicons and grammatical descriptions of unattested languages. Even so, it can be difficult to determine an absolute date, geographical location, or cultural context for some of the most fully reconstructed prehistoric languages. The common ancestor of the attested Indo-European languages is such a case, and the question of its homeland has been disputed since the 19th century, through the 20th, and into the 21st. In recent years, with the availability of ancient DNA data, the situation has suddenly improved, now adding to the evidence base genetic relationships between populations in the historical period speaking attested languages and prehistoric groups. This essay works from recently published archaeogenetic evidence, drawing attention to what it might imply for some longstanding issues in historical linguistics. Seven working hypotheses are presented concerning prehistoric languages in western Eurasia. These hypotheses aim to situate speech communities in time and space, and to identify archaeological cultures and genetic populations associated with them. Hypotheses 1–6 deal with particular nodes and splits on the tree model of the Indo-European macro-family, the seventh with the prehistoric ancestor of the non-Indo-European language Basque.
2019 •
The paper presents a theoretical analysis and computer simulations of the distribution and changes of the linguistic information in two model language communities: Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Chinese. Simulations show that out of two main hypotheses of the formation of the Proto-Indo-European languages, the Anatolian hypotheses and the Kurgan hypotheses, the latter is better consistent with the time estimates obtained in this study. The results obtained for Proto-Indo-European communities may also be used in the analysis of Asian language communities. In particular, the similarity of Chinese and Proto-Indo-European languages in terms of the relationship between the verb and the noun opens the possibility of applying our method to the analysis of the Proto-Sino-Tibetan language family. A possibility of creating a single national language Pǔtōnghuà (普通话) in the modern China was investigated. The results of the present study also suggest that the developed models look like a quite promising new instrument for studying linguistic information transfer in complex social and linguistic systems.
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2021 •
The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration
Europe and Western Asia: Indo-European linguistic prehistory [as a perspective on population migrations]2013 •
2021 •
In: Dispersals and Diversification. Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European (edd. M. Serangeli & Th. Olander), Leiden - Boston: Brill, 2020, 1–20.
Introduction: Dispersals and Diversification of the Indo-European LanguagesJared Klein, Brian Joseph, and Matthias Fritz (eds.), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics 3, pp. 2280-2292. Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 41/3. Berlin - Boston, MA.
More remote relationships of Proto-Indo-European2018 •
Adam Hyllested, Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, and Birgit Anette Olsen (eds.), Language and Prehistory of the Indo- European Peoples: A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective, pp. 187-203. Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 7. Copenhagen.
The Indo-Europeans and the Non-Indo-Europeans in Prehistoric Northern Europe2017 •
Journal of Indo-European Studies
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