Synthetic or Food-Derived Vitamin C—Are They Equally Bioavailable?

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the differences of metabolomics changes in a hyperalgesia model and find potent biomarkers of hyperalgesia. Seven rats were placed in metabolic cages. An emulsion containing 500 μg of Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was used to induce hyperalgesia. Urine samples were collected prior to the injection of CFA and on post-injection days 1, 3 and 7. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography, coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS), was used for a quantitative analysis of urinary metabolic changes in the CFA-induced hyperalgesia model. Differences between the metabolic profiles of the rats in the four groups were analyzed using partial least squares discriminant analysis. Thirty-four potential urine metabolite biomarkers were identified, which changed in a trend similar to the pain threshold. These potential biomarkers were involved in 11 metabolic pathways, as follows: alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; ascorbate and aldarate metabolism; glycerolipid metabolism; glycerophospholipid metabolism; histidine metabolism; phenylalanine metabolism; sphingolipid metabolism; tryptophan metabolism; tyrosine metabolism; valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; and vitamin B6 metabolism. These results may improve our understanding of hyperalgesia and provide a basis for the clinical diagnosis of hyperalgesia.

Федеральный исследовательский центр питания, биотехнологии и безопасности пищи, Москва, Российская Федерация В рационе детей старше 1 года после перехода к питанию с общего стола отмечается недостаток витаминов D, B 12 , C, а также фолатов, кальция, йода, железа, цинка

The behavioural effects of supplementing diets with synthetic and naturally sourced astaxanthin in an ornamental fish (Puntius titteya). Research HighlightsAstaxanthin consumption caused subtle changes in fish colouration. Mate-choice associations were effected by dietary astaxanthin consumption. Red colouration and UV-reflectance influenced mate-choice association. Astaxanthin reduced mirror-image aggression in male fish, regardless of source. AbstractCarotenoids are routinely incorporated into ornamental fish diets with the aim of enhancing companion fish colouration which may concomitantly affect fish behaviour. Previously, colour enhancement has typically been achieved using synthetic carotenoids, however, there is now growing public demand for food additives such as carotenoids to be derived from natural sources, which can be acquired from microalgae and cyanobacteria. There has been very little research into whether natural carotenoids alter fish behaviour in a similar way to synthetic carotenoids; the present study aimed to determine whether behavioural changes typically associated with increased carotenoid consumption differed according to carotenoid source in the cherry barb (Puntius titteya).Cherry barbs were fed one of four diets (carotenoid-free, 20 ppm synthetic astaxanthin (AX) sourced from Carophyll pink®, 20 or 40 ppm of natural-AX sourced from Panaferd) over a 12 week period and then observed for colour changes, mate-choice and aggressive behaviours. The diets containing 20 ppm synthetic-AX and natural-AX enhanced male red colouration of the anal fin and anterior dorsal area, via a reduction in hue, in comparison to the carotenoidfree control diet whereas only the 20 ppm natural-AX altered the hue of female colour. In the mate choice trials, males spent more time with females fed the 20ppm synthetic-AX and 40ppm natural-AX compared with the carotenoid-free control and 20 ppm natural AX. Experiments conducted under red-blocking and UV blocking conditions demonstrated an effect of red colouration and ultraviolet reflectance on mate discrimination. Interestingly, males fed both the Page 4 synthetic and natural AX diets reduced aggressive interactions with a mirror image, even though they displayed enhanced red colouration, which is often used by fish as a signal of increased competitive ability. In conclusion, source of dietary AX affected the behaviour of cherry barbs, to the extent that synthetic AX exerted a stronger effect on mate-choice behaviour under full spectrum lighting in comparison to a similar concentration of natural AX. This therefore demonstrates that the behaviour of companion fish can be influenced by the source of carotenoids within their food.