A number of reflexes participate in the control of coronary vascular resistance through activation of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system. Classically, activation of vagal efferent fibers to the heart results in vasodilation due to the release of acetylcholine and activation of muscarinic receptors. Recently, we have found that activation of a number of reflexes in conscious dogs, the Bezold-Jarisch reflex and the carotid chemoreflex in particular, results in cholinergic coronary vasodilation which is blocked by an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, nitro-L-arginine. After the development of pacing-induced heart failure, the cholinergic dilation subsequent to activation of the Bezold-Jarisch or carotid chemoreflex is essentially abolished, since coronary blood vessels no longer produce nitric oxide. In contrast, after brief exercise training, there is a potentiation of Bezold-Jarisch reflex-induced coronary vasodilation since exercise upregulates nitric oxide production by coronary blood vessels. Since the Bezold-Jarisch reflex may be important as a compensatory mechanism during acute myocardial infarction, and the carotid chemoreflex is the acute mechanisms responsible for ameliorating systemic hypoxemia, the role of nitric oxide in reflex cholinergic coronary vasodilation may be essential in the compensatory vascular adjustments evoked by these and other reflexes.