The difficulties of distinguishing the fragmentary remains of early domestic dogs and wolves when they occur on Prehistoric sites in Europe are wellknown but in this region the problem avoids complexity because only these two canids are involved. When the canine remains come from sites in India or the Near East the jackal may also be present. Moreover, in these regions the indigenous wolf is a very small subspecies that may overlap the domestic dog in overall dimensions and especially in skull size. A “primitive” or “basic” dog that may be compared with the wolf and jackal is the locally occuring pariah dog, and in addition the dingo can be conveniently included to provide alternative “primitive” material, some individuals of which also overlap the Asiatic wolf in skull size. When a whole wolf skull is examined it is possible to distinguish it from skulls of Indian pariah dogs and usually from those of the dingo, but it is often difficult to distinguish isolated parts of the skull or teeth. The Indian wolf, Canis Lpus pallipes SYKES (1831), has a relatively narrow skull and a frontal profile that is straighter than is common in the large European wolf (Fig. 1). The teeth, especially the canines and carnassials are usu a 1 1 y larger than those of the pariah dog or dingo and they are always larger than those of the Indian jackal, Canis aureus aureus L. There is however no sharp distinction in tooth size or shape between the Indian wolf and the pariah dog as there is between European wolves and present day domestic dogs (Fig. 2).