Sex-based disparities in immune responses are well known phenomena. The two most
important factors accounting for the sex-bias in immunity are genetics and sex hormones.
Effects of female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone are well established, however
the role of testosterone is not completely understood. Evidence from unrelated studies points
to an immunosuppressive role of testosterone on different components of the immune
system, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remains unknown. In this review we�…