Two types of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are observed: short-duration hard spectrum GRBs
and long-duration soft spectrum GRBs. For many years long GRBs were the focus of intense …

… one, while light elements are produced in material with Y e ≳ 0 . 15 and its exact pattern
depends on the exact value of Y e and the thermodynamic evolution of the ejecta. In almost all …

… The power-law indices of M 10 , R 20 , and E 51 that we provide are accurate to within �0.5 …
1988; Matzner & McKee 1999) and so are the values of E 0 and L 0 that we find. Also the …

… We therefore consider a spherical outflow with energy E and an initial velocity cβ i that
propagates into a medium with a constant density, n. If the outflow is not ultrarelativistic, it …

… Setting R * ∼ 2 � 10 13 and M ej = 15 M ☉ in Equation (26) we find that an explosion energy
of E ≈ 10 54 produces a breakout with the observed properties of GRB 031203. Again this …

… The method used to calculate l(z) is described in detail in Nakar et al. (2006) and is applied
to … We are grateful to ES Phinney and E. Ofek for illuminating discussions and advice. We …

Merging neutron stars offer an excellent laboratory for simultaneously studying strong-field
gravity and matter in extreme environments. We establish the physical association of an …

… If E and n do not vary from one burst to another, then the light curve during this phase will
be universal, depending only on the microscopic parameters (the equipartition parameters B,e …

… in Nakar & Sari (2010). Taking the available time for thermalization as $\sim {t}_{{\rm{b}}}$ …
fraction by f Γ so that $E(\eta )d\mathrm{log}\eta \equiv {f}_{{\rm{\Gamma }}}{E}_{{\rm{c}}}$ …

… 2010; Nakar & Sari 2010; Rabinak & Waxman 2011). Here, we focus on the results from Nakar
& … where E is the total explosion energy and E 51 = E/10 51 erg. The energy carried by the …