On 24 th November 2021, the sequence of a new SARS-CoV-2 viral isolate Omicron-B.1.1.529
was announced, containing far more mutations in Spike (S) than previously reported …

The host innate immune response mediated by type I interferon (IFN) and the resulting up-regulation
of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) provide an immediate barrier to …

Spillover events of avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) to humans could represent the first step
in a future pandemic 1 . Several factors that limit the transmission and replication of avian …

The domestication of livestock represented a crucial step in human history. By using endogenous
retroviruses as genetic markers, we found that sheep differentiated on the basis of their …

Background Microbiological characterisation of co-infections and secondary infections in
patients with COVID-19 is lacking, and antimicrobial use is high. We aimed to describe …

Vaccines based on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 are a cornerstone of the public health
response to COVID-19. The emergence of hypermutated, increasingly transmissible variants …

INTRODUCTION Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that are rapidly deployed in response to
invading pathogens. By initiating a signaling cascade that stimulates the expression of …

The present review highlights new information on pregnancy recognition and conceptus
development and implantation in sheep with respect to regulation by progesterone, interferons …

An outbreak of acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children was reported in Scotland 1
in April 2022 and has now been identified in 35 countries 2 . Several recent studies have …

Background There are thousands of survivors of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in west Africa.
Ebola virus can persist in survivors for months in immune-privileged sites; however, viral …