The host innate immune response mediated by type I interferon (IFN) and the resulting up-regulation
of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) provide an immediate barrier to …

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is an emerging orthobunyavirus of ruminants associated with
outbreaks of congenital malformations in aborted and stillborn animals. Since its discovery in …

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are fixed and abundant in the genomes of vertebrates.
Circumstantial evidence suggests that ERVs play a role in mammalian reproduction, particularly …

Spillover events of avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) to humans could represent the first step
in a future pandemic 1 . Several factors that limit the transmission and replication of avian …

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral infections of the host
germline transmitted vertically from generation to generation. It is hypothesized that some ERVs …

Viruses have often evolved overlapping reading frames in order to maximize their coding
capacity. Until recently, the segmented dsRNA genome of viruses of the Orbivirus genus was …

Arboviruses are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by biting arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes,
ticks, and midges. These viruses replicate in both arthropods and vertebrates and are …

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent of bluetongue, a major infectious disease of
ruminants with serious consequences to both animal health and the economy. The clinical …

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are present in the genome of all vertebrates and have
coevolved with their hosts for millions of years. Some ERVs play a critical role in placental …

Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV), formerly known as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)
Indiana (VSV IND ), is a model virus that is exceptionally sensitive to the inhibitory action of …