Targeted mutagenesis in mice, a powerful tool for the analysis of gene function and human
disease, makes extensive use of 129 mouse substrains. Although all are named 129, we …

BRAF and NRAS are common targets for somatic mutations in benign and malignant
neoplasms that arise from melanocytes situated in epithelial structures, and lead to constitutive …

The mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) in the mitochondrial inner membrane of mammalian
brown adipose tissue generates heat by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation 1 . This …

An expanded CAG repeat is the underlying genetic defect in Huntington disease, a disorder
characterized by motor, psychiatric and cognitive deficits and striatal atrophy associated with …

The presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines whether a mammalian embryo
develops as a male or female. In humans, genetic deletion analysis of "sex-reversed" …

Humoral immune responses were characterized in mouse strains lacking either or both B7
molecules. Mice deficient in both B7-1 and B7-2 failed to generate antigen-specific IgG1 and …

1997). In addition, recent analysis revealed that some description of the genetic background
of the animals commonly used ES cell lines are polymorphic at a numstudied. This …

In 2007, the International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC) made the ambitious promise
to generate mutations in virtually every protein-coding gene of the mouse genome in a …

PC4 is a member of the proprotein convertase family of serine proteases implicated in the
processing of a variety of polypeptides including prohormones, proneuropeptides, and cell …

Background Small promoters that recapitulate endogenous gene expression patterns are
important for basic, preclinical, and now clinical research. Recently, there has been a …