… centimeter). When more severe thyroiditis (more than 40 foci per square centimeter) is
considered, the prevalence declines to 5 to 15 percent in women and 1 to 5 percent in men. …

Thyroid hormones are essential for growth, neuronal development, reproduction and regulation
of energy metabolism. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are common conditions with …

In this article the authors propose a dynamic model of autoimmunity with T-cell recruitment
and selection leading to changes in the specificity of the anti-self response during the course …

Type 1 diabetes is a T-cell–mediated disease that is associated with loss of immunological
tolerance to self-antigens. The mechanisms involved in maintenance of peripheral tolerance …

Background Teplizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to CD3 on T cells, is approved
by the Food and Drug Administration to delay the onset of clinical type 1 diabetes (stage 3) …

Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is the main extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease (GD).
Choice of treatment should be based on the assessment of clinical activity and severity of GO. …

objective Over 1% of the UK population is receiving thyroid hormone replacement with l‐thyroxine
(T4). However, many patients complain of persistent lethargy and related symptoms …

According to the quality of response they mediate, autoreactive T cells recognizing islet β
cell peptides could represent both disease effectors in the development of type 1 diabetes (…

The final pathway of β cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, and
clinical type 1 diabetes is unknown. Here we show that circulating CTLs can kill β cells via …

Background Lifestyle changes soon after diagnosis might improve outcomes in patients with
type 2 diabetes mellitus, but no large trials have compared interventions. We investigated …