Phenotypic variation is ubiquitous in biology and is often traceable to underlying genetic and
environmental variation. However, even genetically identical cells in identical environments�…

The production and degradation of RNA transcripts is inherently subject to biological noise
that arises from small gene copy numbers in individual cells. As a result, cellular RNA levels�…

Although much has been done to elucidate the biochemistry of signal transduction and gene
regulatory pathways, it remains difficult to understand or predict quantitative responses. We�…

The cell-fate decision leading to gametogenesis is essential for sexual reproduction. In S.
cerevisiae, only diploid MATa/α but not haploid MATa or MATα cells undergo�…

Small ligands and their receptors are widely used non-covalent couplers in various biotech
applications. One prominent example, the digoxigenin–antibody complex, was often used to�…

The success of single-molecule (SM) experiments critically depends on the functional
immobilization of the biomolecule (s) to be studied. With the continuing trend of combining�…

Mechanisms through which long intergenic noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) exert regulatory
effects on eukaryotic biological processes remain largely elusive. Most studies of these�…

Despite substantial experimental and computational efforts, mechanistic modeling remains
more predictive in engineering than in systems biology. The reason for this discrepancy is�…

The reversible, optical switching of individual polymer molecules was observed using
molecular force spectroscopy. We synthesized a polypeptide with multiple photoactive�…

All cells employ signal transduction pathways to respond to physiologically relevant
extracellular cytokines, stressors, nutrient levels, hormones, morphogens, and other stimuli�…