The American Heart Association makes every effort to avoid any actual or potential conflicts
of interest that may arise as a result of an outside relationship or a personal, professional, or�…

During the last few years, dramatic changes have taken place in the pediatric cardiac
catheterization laboratory. 1–42 Improved noninvasive diagnostic techniques have�…

Cardiac catheterization in congenital heart disease: pediatric and adult Cardiac Catheterization
in Congenital Heart Disease: Pediatric and Adult Page 2 Cardiac Catheterization in Congenital�…

Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine the relative risks of pediatric diagnostic,
interventional and electrophysiologic catheterizations. Background. The role of the pediatric�…

Tremendous advances have occurred in catheter-based interventions for congenital heart
disease. Multicenter trials of these advances are either out of date or have been limited in�…

Cardiac catheterization has long been a central diagnostic modality in the evaluation of
children, adolescents, and adults with congenital heart disease, and in children with�…

To determine the current risk of pediatric cardiac catheterization, the complications and
incidents of all catheterizations performed in a pediatric laboratory between January 1986�…

The recommendations listed in this document are, whenever possible, evidence-based.
Unlike other ACC/AHA practice guidelines, there is not a large body of peer-reviewed�…

Although therapeutic catheter procedures for congenital heart disease are still developing,
the number of procedures being performed allows statistically relevant review of the acute�…

As patients live longer and need to be treated over the long term and the management of
pediatric cardiology problems and congenital heart disease moves more into the�…