Over the past two decades, Antarctica has experienced a severe eco-environmental
degradation due to tourism impacts. The new, diverse and complex tourism activities and�…

Antarctica tourism evidently harms its ecosystem in direct and indirect ways. Ecosystems are
dynamic and complex systems, which simultaneously depend on various humanity and�…

Antarctica has been witnessing continued growth of tourism, both in the overall visitation and
in the diversity of itineraries and visitor activities. Expanding tourism presents unique�…

Human activities in Antarctica were increasing before the COVID-19 pandemic, and tourism
was not an exception. The growth and diversification of Antarctic tourism over the last few�…

History recorded that environmental emergencies had occurred several times; as a result, of
Antarctic tourism. The rules of the Antarctic Treaty System, apart from the Liability Annex, set�…

Growth and diversification of tourism activities in Antarctica have not been matched by
proactive strategies for planning or management. Recognizing that the adaptive�…

An important problem for the development of tourism in the polar regions is the
determination of the limit of tourist traffic that these regions can accept, without risking the�…

Antarctica, an area that is devoted to global peace and research, is being challenged by
climate change, human activities, and pollution. There have been a number of studies�…

The new paradigm of sustainable development highlights the importance of enforcing
defined boundaries between economies, societies, and the environment within a system�…

With the signing of the Madrid Protocol in 1991 and the associated demise of mining as a
major Antarctic issue (assuming that the Protocol will be ratified), commercial tourism has�…