Uncertainty about a possible future threat disrupts our ability to avoid it or to mitigate its
negative impact and thus results in anxiety. Here, we focus the broad literature on the�…

When extreme, anxiety—a state of distress and arousal prototypically evoked by uncertain
danger—can be debilitating. Uncertain anticipation is a shared feature of situations that elicit�…

Background Coordination of activity between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal
cortex (vmPFC) is important for fear-extinction learning. Aberrant recruitment of this circuitry�…

Threat-anticipatory defensive responses have evolved to promote survival in a dynamic
world. While inherently adaptive, aberrant expression of defensive responses to potential�…

Uncertainty about potential future threats and the associated anxious anticipation represents
a key feature of anxiety. However, the neural systems that underlie the subjective�…

Anxiety can be hugely disruptive to everyday life. Anxious individuals show increased
attentional capture by potential signs of danger, and interpret expressions, comments and�…

We review likely neurobiological substrates of cognitions related to fear and anxiety.
Cognitive processes are linked to abnormal early activity reflecting hypervigilance in�…

Uncertainty is often inevitable in everyday life and can be both stressful and exciting. Given
its relevance to psychopathology and wellbeing, recent research has begun to address the�…

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU), the tendency to find uncertainty aversive, is an important
transdiagnostic dimension in mental health disorders. Over the last decade, there has been�…

Anxiety disorders increase risk for the early development of several diseases of aging.
Elevated inflammation, a common risk factor across diseases of aging, may play a key role�…