Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and structurally related factors use several intracellular
signaling pathways in addition to Smad signaling to regulate a wide array of cellular�…

Transforming growth factor-β utilizes a multitude of intracellular signaling pathways in
addition to Smads to regulate a wide array of cellular functions. These non-canonical, non�…

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) initiates its diverse cellular responses by binding to
and activating specific cell surface receptors that have intrinsic serine/threonine kinase�…

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family proteins control cell physiology, proliferation, and
growth, and direct cell differentiation, thus playing key roles in normal development and�…

During the past 10 years, it has been firmly established that Smad pathways are central
mediators of signals from the receptors for transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily�…

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family signaling dictates highly complex programs of
gene expression responses, which are extensively regulated at multiple levels and vary�…

Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family are highly conserved
multifunctional cell–cell signaling proteins that are of key importance for controlling�…

Encoded in mammalian cells by 33 genes, the transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) family
of secreted, homodimeric and heterodimeric proteins controls the differentiation of most, if�…

Ligands of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily of growth factors initiate
signal transduction through a bewildering complexity of ligand–receptor interactions�…

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) superfamily members are multifunctional cell‐cell
signaling proteins that play pivotal roles in tissue homeostasis and development of�…