Evolution of RNA viruses occurs through disequilibria of collections of closely related mutant
spectra or mutant clouds termed viral quasispecies. Here we review the origin of the�…

The efficacy of an antiretroviral (ARV) treatment regimen depends on the activity of the
regimen's individual ARV drugs and the number of HIV-1 mutations required for the�…

Viruses can create complex genetic populations within a host, and deep sequencing
technologies allow extensive sampling of these populations. Limitations of these�…

Antiretroviral therapy of HIV infection has changed a uniformly fatal into a potentially chronic
disease. There are now 17 drugs in common use for HIV treatment. Patients who can access�…

Twenty-five years ago, nucleoside analog 3′-azidothymidine (AZT) was shown to efficiently
block the replication of HIV in cell culture. Subsequent studies demonstrated that AZT acts�…

Background The effect of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) on first-line combination
antiretroviral therapy (cART) for HIV-1 needs further study to inform choice of optimum drug�…

Context Presence of low-frequency, or minority, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-
1) drug resistance mutations may adversely affect response to antiretroviral treatment (ART)�…

Novel DNA sequencing techniques, referred to as “next-generation” sequencing (NGS),
provide high speed and throughput that can produce an enormous volume of sequences�…

Abstract Background Minor (ie,< 20% prevalence) drug-resistant human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) variants may go undetected, yet be clinically important Objectives To compare�…

Background: The ongoing pandemic of SARS-COV-2 has already infected more than eight
million people worldwide. The majority of COVID-19 patients either are asymptomatic or�…