Placebo effects are beneficial effects that are attributable to the brain–mind responses to the
context in which a treatment is delivered rather than to the specific actions of the drug. They�…

Modern medicine has progressed in parallel with the advancement of biochemistry,
anatomy, and physiology. By using the tools of modern medicine, the physician today can�…

Placebo analgesia involves the endogenous opioid system, as administration of the opioid
antagonist naloxone decreases placebo analgesia. To investigate the opioidergic�…

Tinnitus, the most common auditory disorder, affects about 40 million people in the United
States alone, and its incidence is rising due to an aging population and increasing noise�…

This Perspective reviews recent findings in placebo hypoalgesia and provides a conceptual
account of how expectations and experience can lead to placebo hypoalgesia. In particular�…

The perception of pain is subject to powerful influences. Understanding how these are
mediated at a neuroanatomical and neurobiological level provides us with valuable�…

Pharmacological strategies for pain management have primarily focused on dampening
ascending neurotransmission and on opioid receptor–mediated therapies. Little is known�…

Although placebos have long been considered a nuisance in clinical research, today they
represent an active and productive field of research and, because of the involvement of�…

The placebo effect has often been considered a nuisance in basic and particularly clinical
research. This view has gradually changed in recent years due to deeper insight into the�…

There are many known risk factors for chronic pain conditions, yet the biological
underpinnings that link these factors to abnormal processing of painful signals are only just�…