Adjuvants are vaccine components that enhance the magnitude, breadth and durability of
the immune response. Following its introduction in the 1920s, alum remained the only�…

Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines. Despite being widely used in
vaccines, their action mechanisms are not yet clear. With a greater understanding of the�…

Summary PD-1/PD-L1-checkpoint blockade therapy is generally thought to relieve tumor cell-
mediated suppression in the tumor microenvironment but PD-L1 is also expressed on non�…

In the race for a safe and effective vaccine against coronavirus disease (COVID)-19,
pharmaceutical formulation science plays a critical role throughout the development�…

The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) has historically been categorized into
monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages on the basis of functional and phenotypical�…

Monocytes and macrophages have crucial and distinct roles in tissue homeostasis and
immunity, but they also contribute to a broad spectrum of pathologies and are thus attractive�…

Eukaryotic cells can initiate several distinct programmes of self-destruction, and the nature of
the cell death process (non-inflammatory or proinflammatory) instructs responses of�…

Vaccines containing novel adjuvant formulations are increasingly reaching advanced
development and licensing stages, providing new tools to fill previously unmet clinical�…

Adjuvants enhance immunity to vaccines and experimental antigens by a variety of
mechanisms. In the past decade, many receptors and signaling pathways in the innate�…

Dysregulated inflammation is a central pathological process in diverse disease states.
Traditionally, therapeutic approaches have sought to modulate the pro-or anti-inflammatory�…