Background Chronic and/or extreme stress in early life, often referred to as early adversity,
childhood trauma, or early life stress, has been associated with a wide range of adverse�…

One literature treats the hippocampus as a purely cognitive structure involved in memory;
another treats it as a regulator of emotion whose dysfunction leads to psychopathology. We�…

This highly influential work--now in a revised and expanded third edition incorporating major
advances in the field--gives clinicians, educators, and students a new understanding of what�…

I propose a reconceptualization of key phenomena important in the study of emotion—those
phenomena that reflect functions and circuits related to survival, and that are shared by�…

Discovering the processes through which early adverse experiences affect children's
nervous-system development, health, and behavior is critically important for developing�…

Among people exposed to major psychological stressors in early life, there are elevated
rates of morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases of aging. The most compelling data�…

Understanding and assessing endocrine response to stress is crucial to human performance
analysis, stress-related disorder diagnosis, and mental health monitoring. Current�…

A variety of cognitive disorders are worsened by stress exposure and involve dysfunction of
the newly evolved prefrontal cortex (PFC). Exposure to acute, uncontrollable stress�…

We review recent work on the role of intrinsic amygdala networks in the regulation of
classically conditioned defensive behaviors, commonly known as conditioned fear. These�…

Children who experience chronic stressors are vulnerable to emotional and physical health
problems across the lifespan. This phenomenon raises questions for scientists and�…