Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease associated with type 2 cytokines
interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13, which promote airway eosinophilia, mucus�…

Asthma is a common disease that affects 300 million people worldwide. Given the large
number of eosinophils in the airways of people with mild asthma, and verified by data from�…

There has been extensive progress in understanding the cellular and molecular
mechanisms of inflammation and immune regulation in allergic diseases of the skin and�…

The lungs are exposed to reactive oxygen species oxygen (ROS) produced as a result of
inhalation of oxygen, as well as smoke and other air pollutants. Cell metabolism and the�…

Biologists, physicians and immunologists have contributed to the understanding of the
cellular participants and biological pathways involved in inflammation. Here, we provide a�…

Allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR), allergic asthma (AAS), atopic dermatitis (AD),
food allergy (FA), and eczema are systemic diseases caused by an impaired immune�…

Contributing Authors Isam Alobid, MD, PhD1, Nithin D. Adappa, MD2, Henry P. Barham,
MD3, Thiago Bezerra, MD4, Nadieska Caballero, MD5, Eugene G. Chang, MD6, Gaurav�…

Type-2-cell-mediated immunity, rich in eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, CD4+ T helper 2
(Th2) cells, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), protects the host from helminth�…

The airway epithelium protects us from environmental insults, which we encounter with
every breath. Not only does it passively filter large particles, it also senses potential danger�…

Inflammation is a cellular response to factors that challenge the homeostasis of cells and
tissues. Cell-associated and soluble pattern-recognition receptors, eg Toll-like receptors�…