Bone turnover markers (BTMs) are used widely, in both research and clinical practice. In the
last 20 years, much experience has been gained in measurement and interpretation of these�…

The adult skeleton regenerates by temporary cellular structures that comprise teams of
juxtaposed osteoclasts and osteoblasts and replace periodically old bone with new. A�…

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a 33-amino-acid proglucagon-derived peptide secreted
from enteroendocrine L cells. GLP-2 circulates at low basal levels in the fasting period, and�…

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an increased risk of fragility fractures
despite increased body weight and normal or higher bone mineral density. The mechanisms�…

Osteoclasts, the only cells with bone resorption functions in vivo, maintain the balance of
bone metabolism by cooperating with osteoblasts, which are responsible for bone formation�…

Gastrointestinal hormones including gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like
peptide (GLP)-1, and GLP-2 are secreted immediately after meal ingestion, and GIP and�…

Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased fracture risk and the mechanisms underlying
the detrimental effects of diabetes on skeletal health are only partially understood�…

Osteoclasts have traditionally been associated exclusively with catabolic functions that are a
prerequisite for bone resorption. However, emerging data suggest that osteoclasts also carry�…

Increased fracture risk, traditionally associated with type 1 diabetes, has lately been of great
concern in patients with type 2 diabetes. A variable increase in fracture risk has been�…

Bone homeostasis displays a circadian rhythm with increased resorption during the night
time as compared to day time, a difference that seems—at least partly—to be caused by food�…