The responses of microorganisms (viruses, bacterial cells, bacterial and fungal spores, and
lichens) to selected factors of space (microgravity, galactic cosmic radiation, solar UV�…

Despite years of research, understanding of the space radiation environment and the risk it
poses to long-duration astronauts remains limited. There is a disparity between research�…

Review describes hazards present as humans explore space and focuses on the effects of
spaceflight on immunity. This year, we celebrate the 40th birthday of the first landing of�…

The inside of a space-faring vehicle provides a set of conditions unlike anything
experienced by bacteria on Earth. The low-shear, diffusion-limited microenvironment with�…

Indoor environments, where people spend most of their time, are characterized by a specific
microbial community, the indoor microbiome. Most indoor environments are connected to�…

For the past two decades, microbial monitoring of the International Space Station (ISS) has
relied on culture-dependent methods that require return to Earth for analysis. This has a�…

Microbial research in space is being conducted for almost 50 years now. The closed system
of the International Space Station (ISS) has acted as a microbial observatory for the past 10�…

The International Space Station (ISS) is an orbital living and working environment extending
from the original Zarya control module built in 1998. The expected life span of the completed�…

Manned space flight induces a reduction in immune competence among crew and is likely to
cause deleterious changes to the composition of the gastrointestinal, nasal, and respiratory�…

Abstract Background The International Space Station (ISS) is a unique and complex built
environment with the ISS surface microbiome originating from crew and cargo or from life�…