Evolution of RNA viruses occurs through disequilibria of collections of closely related mutant
spectra or mutant clouds termed viral quasispecies. Here we review the origin of the�…

Context Presence of low-frequency, or minority, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-
1) drug resistance mutations may adversely affect response to antiretroviral treatment (ART)�…

In the mid-1990s, the clinical care of patients with HIV infection changed fundamentally as a
result of the development and introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). This led�…

Abstract (See the Editorial Commentary by Gandhi and Deeks, on pages 733–5.)
Background. Plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA suppression< 50�…

Abstract The European HIV Drug Resistance Guidelines Panel, established to make
recommendations to clinicians and virologists, felt that sufficient new information has�…

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are a mainstay of therapy for
treating human immunodeficiency type 1 virus (HIV-1)-infected patients. MK-1439 is a novel�…

Background The presence of high-abundance drug-resistant HIV-1 jeopardizes success of
antiretroviral therapy (ART). Despite numerous investigations, the clinical impact of low�…

Combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection has resulted in profound reductions in
viremia and is associated with marked improvements in morbidity and mortality. Therapy is�…

Minor drug-resistant variants exist in every patient infected with human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV). Because these minority variants are usually present at very low levels, they�…

Drug resistance remains a major problem for the treatment of HIV. Resistance can occur due
to mutations that were present before treatment starts or due to mutations that occur during�…