Breathing is a well-described, vital and surprisingly complex behaviour, with behavioural
and physiological outputs that are easy to directly measure. Key neural elements for�…

The ventral surface of the rostral medulla oblongata has been suspected since the 1960s to
harbor central respiratory chemoreceptors [ie, acid-activated neurons that regulate breathing�…

The rates of opioid overdose in the United States quadrupled between 1999 and 2017,
reaching a staggering 130 deaths per day. This health epidemic demands innovative�…

Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) represents the primary cause of death
associated with therapeutic and recreational opioid use. Within the United States, the rate of�…

The preB�tzinger Complex (preB�tC), a compact medullary region essential for generating
normal breathing rhythm and pattern, is the kernel of the breathing central pattern generator�…

The key driver of breathing rhythm is the preB�tzinger Complex (preB�tC) whose activity is
modulated by various functional inputs, eg, volitional, physiological, and emotional. While�…

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are generally defined as networks of neurons capable of
enabling the production of central commands, specifically controlling stereotyped, rhythmic�…

Human speech can be divided into short, rhythmically timed elements, similar to syllables
within words. Even our cries and laughs, as well as the vocalizations of other species, are�…

Breathing is vital for survival but also interesting from the perspective of rhythm generation.
This rhythmic behavior is generated within the brainstem and is thought to emerge through�…

Breathing's remarkable ability to adapt to changes in metabolic, environmental, and
behavioral demands stems from a complex integration of its rhythm-generating network�…