Tirzepatide is a unimolecular co‐agonist of the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and
glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptors recently approved for the�…

Abstract Purpose of Review To describe recent advances in the understanding of how gut-
derived hormones regulate bone homeostasis in humans with emphasis on�…

Introduction: Senile osteoporosis is one of the most common age-related diseases
worldwide. Glucagon like peptide-2 (GLP-2), a naturally occurring gastrointestinal peptide�…

Objective Drugs targeting the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor
(GIPR) are emerging as treatments for type-2 diabetes and obesity. GIP acutely decreases�…

Context Individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have an increased risk of bone fractures
despite normal or increased bone mineral density. The underlying causes are not well�…

Abstract Background and Purpose Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is secreted
postprandially from enteroendocrine L cells and has anabolic action on gut and bone. Short�…

Aims The alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose is an antidiabetic drug delaying assimilation
of carbohydrates and, thus, increasing the amount of carbohydrates in the distal parts of the�…

Class B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), collectively, respond to a diverse repertoire
of extracellular polypeptide agonists and transmit the encoded messages to cytosolic�…

Bone resorption follows a circadian rhythm, with a marked reduction in circulating markers of
resorption (such as carboxy-terminal telopeptide region of collagen type I in serum) in the�…

Diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis are chronic illnesses associated with adverse health
outcomes. Studies have reported common linkages between energy and bone metabolism�…