Recent identification of oncogenic cells within healthy tissues and the prevalence of indolent
cancers found incidentally at autopsies reveal a greater complexity in tumor initiation than�…

Estradiol production is most commonly thought of as an endocrine product of the ovary;
however, there are many tissues that have the capacity to synthesize estrogens from�…

Objective: Our objective was to provide a scholarly review of the published literature on
menopausal hormonal therapy (MHT), make scientifically valid assessments of the available�…

The Atlas of Tumor Pathology has a long and distinguished history. It was first conceived at a
Cancer Research Meeting held in St. Louis in September 1947 as an attempt to standardize�…

ContextEndogenous hormones are a primary cause of breast cancer. Adiposity affects
circulating hormones, particularly in postmenopausal women, and may be a modifiable risk�…

Diet, nutrition, and cancer risk: what do we know and what is the way forward? Page 1 Diet,
nutrition, and cancer risk: what do we know and what is the way forward? OPEN ACCESS�…

Obesity is known to increase the risk for cancer of the reproductive tract in women. The
mechanism underlying this association can be explained by increased estrogenic stimulus�…

Obesity is a risk factor for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer after menopause.
The pro-proliferative effects of estrogens are well characterized and there is a growing body�…

In the following, the authors examine the relationship between hormonal climate and the
female voice through discussion of hormonal biochemistry and physiology and informal�…

Estrogens are eliminated from the body by metabolic conversion to estrogenically inactive
metabolites that are excreted in the urine and/or feces. The first step in the metabolism of�…