Disorders characterized by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), such as myocardial infarction, stroke,
and peripheral vascular disease, continue to be among the most frequent causes of�…

Ischemic disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease,
are the most common causes of debilitating disease and death in westernized cultures. The�…

Since the discovery of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), numerous studies on the hypoxia
signaling pathway have been performed. The role of HIF stabilization during hypoxia has�…

Cellular stress or apoptosis triggers the release of ATP, ADP and other nucleotides into the
extracellular space. Extracellular nucleotides function as autocrine and paracrine signalling�…

Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or
its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as�…

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells exist in a'poised effector'state, which enables them to
rapidly produce cytokines following activation. Using a nearly monospecific T cell receptor�…

Adenosine is a key endogenous molecule that regulates tissue function by activating four G-
protein-coupled adenosine receptors: A1, A2A, A2B and A3. Cells of the immune system�…

Ischaemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) in the liver, a major complication of haemorrhagic shock,
resection and transplantation, is a dynamic process that involves the two interrelated phases�…

Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are an innate-like T cell subset that expresses an
invariant T cell receptor (TCR) α-chain and recognizes lipids presented on CD1d. They�…

Adenosine is formed inside cells or on their surface, mostly by breakdown of adenine
nucleotides. The formation of adenosine increases in different conditions of stress and�…