Rhythmic motor behaviours consist of alternating movements, eg swing‐stance in stepping,
jaw opening and closing during chewing, and inspiration–expiration in breathing, which�…

Many networks generate distinct rhythms with multiple frequency and amplitude
characteristics. The respiratory network in the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-Böt) generates�…

In severe hypoxia the breathing frequency is modulated in a biphasic manner: an initial
increase (augmentation) is followed by a depression and cessation of breathing (apnea)�…

Episodic breathing patterns have been observed in species of all vertebrate classes under
certain conditions and/or at certain times in development. This breathing pattern can be�…

The cellular and circuit mechanisms generating the rhythm of breathing in mammals have
been under intense investigation for decades. Here, we try to integrate the key discoveries�…

New, improved in vivo and in vitro approaches have led to a better understanding of the
mechanisms that generate respiratory rhythm, which depends on a complex interaction�…

Slow, controlled breathing has been used for centuries to promote mental calming, and it is
used clinically to suppress excessive arousal such as panic attacks. However, the�…

The retrotrapezoid nucleus contains Phox2b-expressing glutamatergic neurons (RTN-
Phox2b neurons) that regulate breathing in a CO2-dependent manner. Here we use�…

In severe hypoxia, homeostatic mechanisms maintain function of the brainstem respiratory
network. We hypothesized that hypoxia involves a transition from neuronal mechanisms of�…

Unraveling the interplay of excitation and inhibition within rhythm-generating networks
remains a fundamental issue in neuroscience. We use a biophysical model to investigate�…