Cytokines are released in the central nervous system (CNS) following brain injury and
disease. Several of those conditions are thought to involve the accumulation of extracellular�…

Glutamate uptake by astrocytes has been postulated to play a neuroprotective role during
brain inflammation. Using primary human fetal astrocyte cultures, we investigated the�…

Cytokines may play a pathogenetic role in the brain. Using human fetal brain cell cultures,
we investigated whether cytokines released during inflammation modulate neuronal injury�…

Glutamate and the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), have been
suggested to contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated the interaction of�…

By their property to release glutamate and reactive oxygen intermediates, macrophages may
play an important role in neurotoxicity. In the present study we have investigated whether�…

Cytokines are produced in the central nervous system (CNS) and exhibit various effects on
neurons, microglia, and astrocytes. Astrocytes can release chemical transmitters, including�…

Release of glutamine from astrocytes is an essential step of the glutamate‐glutamine cycle,
and hence for the maintenance of neuronal glutamate and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)�…

Perturbation of glutamate uptake may contribute to the pathogenesis of neuronal damage in
the central nervous system. Cytokine overproduction, oxidative stress, energy failure, and�…

Nitric oxide (NO; 1 μM) or an NO donor (500 μM diethylenetriamine‐nitric oxide, DETA‐
NONOate) caused rapid glutamate and ATP release from cultured rat cortical astrocytes. NO�…

Although the role of astrocyte glutamate transporters in glutamate clearance is well
illustrated, the role of glutamine synthetase (GS) that influences this process remains to be�…