Alum (aluminum hydroxide) is the most widely used adjuvant in human vaccines, but the
mechanism of its adjuvanticity remains unknown. In vitro studies showed no stimulatory�…

Aluminium adjuvants (alum) have been the only widely approved adjuvants for use in
human vaccines since the 1920s, however, the mechanism of action of these adjuvants�…

Despite being used for more than 80 years, the mechanisms of induction of immune
responses by aluminum adjuvants, generically referred to as 'alum', remain largely�…

Adjuvants such as the aluminum compounds (alum) have been dominantly used in many
vaccines due to their immunopotentiation and safety records since 1920s. However, how�…

Aluminum-based adjuvants (aluminum salts or alum) are widely used in human vaccination,
although their mechanisms of action are poorly understood. Here we report that, in mice�…

Many vaccines include aluminum salts (alum) as adjuvants despite little knowledge of
alum's functions. Host DNA rapidly coats injected alum. Here, we further investigated the�…

Highlights•Insoluble aluminum salts have long been used to stimulate B and CD4 T cell
responses.•The need for IL-1/MyD88 for alum's adjuvancy depends on the site of�…

Aluminum-containing adjuvants continue to be the most widely used adjuvants for human
use. In the last year a major breakthrough has been the realization that alum adjuvant�…

There are over 6 billion vaccine doses administered each year, most containing aluminium-
based adjuvants, yet we still do not have a complete understanding of their mechanisms of�…

Aluminum hydroxide (Alum) is the only adjuvant approved for routine use in humans,
although the basis for its adjuvanticity remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that�…