During pregnancy, several tightly coordinated and regulated processes take place to enable
proper fetal development and gestational success. The formation and development of the�…

The frontiers of placental endocrinology have been enlarged in the last decade. The
hypothesis that the placenta could produce typical neuronal substances has been largely�…

The placenta is a unique, autonomous and transient organ. It ensures maternal–fetal
exchanges and is also involved in maternal tolerance of feto-paternal antigens. The human�…

The placenta is an organ that clinicians and embryologists would all agree is important for
pregnancy success. Unfortunately, however, they too often ignore it when they are exploring�…

Discarded at birth, the placenta is a highly complex and fascinating organ. During the course
of a pregnancy, it acts as the lungs, gut, kidneys, and liver of the fetus. The placenta also has�…

The placenta is an endocrine fetal organ, which secretes a plethora of steroid-and proteo-
hormones, metabolic proteins, growth factors, and cytokines in order to adapt maternal�…

The somatogenic and lactogenic hormones of the placenta and maternal pituitary gland
integrate the metabolic adaptations of pregnancy with the demands of fetal and neonatal�…

The endocrinology of pregnancy involves endocrine and metabolic changes as a
consequence of physiological alterations at the foetoplacental boundary between mother�…

Considering that preterm birth accounts for about 6–10% of all births in Western countries
and of more than 65% of all perinatal deaths, elucidation of the particularly complicated�…

The placenta exerts its effects on the growth of the fetus from the beginning of pregnancy via
metabolic and endocrine mechanisms. To achieve this, the placenta exchanges a wide�…