In cognitive load theory, element interactivity has been used as the basic, defining
mechanism of intrinsic cognitive load for many years. In this article, it is suggested that�…

Although it has been suggested that many effects of emotion on memory are attributable to
attention, in the present study we addressed the hypothesis that such effects may relate to a�…

This paper reviews my research on emotional influences on memory and judgement. First, it
is found that when people are feeling happy, sad, or angry, they selectively attend to and�…

Students experience a variety of emotions (or cognitive-affective states) when they are
assigned difficult material to learn or problems to solve. We have documented the emotions�…

How does affect or mood influence the way people think, remember, and deal with
information? Understanding the delicate interplay between feeling and thinking, affect and�…

Cognitive load theory is used to design instruction. Several aspects of human cognition are
critical to instructional design. First, the theory assumes we have not specifically evolved to�…

The papers in this special issue represent a fascinating collection of multiple perspectives
and methodologies that attempt to answer the question posed in our title. The short answer�…